SEMESTR 1

PROPOSITION

basic meaning expressed by a sentence when it is uttered

UTTERANCE

the physical act of uttering a sequence of words, at a specific occasion; use of a sentence in an actual context

SENTENCE

a well-formed string of words expressing a complete thought and conforming to the rules of grammar of a given language

truth conditions

a set of conditions that must be fulfilled by the world for the utterance of a given sentence to be true

truth value

they can be evaluated as true or false in a given context (for a particular speaker, hearer, the place and the time of the utterance).

anaphoric reference

a word in a text refers back to other ideas in the text for its meaning (SHE, HER, THEIR

referring expressions

any noun phrase, or surrogate for a noun phrase, whose function in discourse is to identify some individual object (thing, being, event...)

constant reference

ZAWSZE ODNOSI SIĘ DO TEGO SAMEGO OBIEKTY (NP. THE PACIFIC OCEAN)

variable reference

ODNOSI SIĘ DO OKREŚLONEGO OBIEKTU W ZALEŻNOŚCI OD KONTEKSTU (NP. MY SON)

no real-life referent

ODNOSI SIĘ DO OBIEKTU NIE ISTNIEJĄCEGO W PRAWDZIWYM ŻYCIU (NP SANTA CLAUS)

2 different referring expressions with the same referent

Bronisław Komorowski/the current president of Poland (2 INNE TYPY, KTÓRE ODNOSZĄ SIĘ DO TEGO SAMEGO OBIEKTU W DANYM CZASIE)

attributive USE

część zdania określająca rzeczownik (PLANTS - WSZYSTKIE ROŚLINY)

referential use

odsyłaczy (PLANTS - KONKRETNE JAKIEŚ ROŚLINY)

central members of the category

TAKI OBIEKT, KTÓRY PIERWSZY PRZYCHODZI NAM DO GŁOWY JAKO PRZEDSTAWICIEL

a peripheral member

TAKI OBIEKT, KTÓRY NIE JEST PRZEDSTAWICIELEM DANEJ RODZINY

NSM

Natural Semantic Metalanguage.

homographs

a word that shares the same written form as another word but has a different meaning

heteronyms

is a word that is written identically but has a different pronunciation and meaning.

homonymy

words that share the same spelling and pronunciation but have different meanings

taxonomic sisters

(equonyms) are expressions that are in a paradigmatic relationship with each other (EX. MONDAY, TUESDAY

polysemy

the multiple meanings of a word may be unconnected or unrelated.

synonymy

WYRAZY BLISKOZNACZNE

antonymy

WYRAZY O PRZECIWNYM ZNACZENIU

antiautonyms

words which mean the same thing, although one word seems, for some reason, as though it should be the "opposite" of the other.

hyponymy

a word or phrase whose semantic MEANING is included within that of another word

hypernymy

a hyponym shares a type-of relationship with its hypernym

Meronymy

"finger" is a meronym of "hand" because a finger is part of a hand.

Metonymy

is a figure of speech in which a thing or concept is called not by its own name but rather by the name of something associated in meaning with that thing or concept

. DEIXIS

refers to words and phrases that cannot be fully understood without additional contextual information.

gestural DEICTIC

THIS (GDY MUSIMY COŚ WSKAZAĆ GESTEM)

ANAPHORIC DEICTIC

. In the sentence Sally arrived, but nobody saw her, the pronoun her is anaphoric, referring back to Sally

SYMBOLIC DEICTIC

NIE MUSIMY POKAZYWAĆ, JEST JAKIŚ SYMBOL

Go here! Come there! ARE ODD BECAUSE...

projection of deictic centre

entailment

p is true, q is also true q is false, p is also false

presupposition

If p is true, then q is true If p is false, then q is still true

existential presupposition

egzystencjalna założeniem, ŻE COŚ ISTNIEJE

cognitive factive

ODNIESIENIE DO POZNANIA ‘discover’

iterative adverb

ODNIESIENIE DO POWTARZANIA SIĘ CZYNNOŚCI

temporal clause

ODNIESIENIE DO CZASU

emotive factive

ODNIESIENIE DO UCZUĆ NP REGRET

CONTEX MOŻE BYĆ:

physical o linguistic o general knowledge

Presupposition triggers

A presupposition trigger is a construction or item that signals the existence of a presupposition in an utterance.

presupposition

A presupposition is background belief, relating to an utterance

PT definite descriptions

OPISOWE ODNIESIENIE DO 1 OBIEKTU

factive predicates

JEŚLI KTOŚ WIE X TO NIE ZNACZY, ŻE X JEST PRAWDĄ

epistemic

relating to knowledge

COGNITIVE

relating to cognition.

emotive factives

relating to EMOTNONS (REGRET)

aspectual predicates

SUGERUJĄCY JAKĄŚ INNĄ AKCJĘ (STOPPED-> KIEDYŚ ZOBIŁ)

iterative

Further iteratives: another time; to come back; restore; repeat; for the nth time

implicative predicates

: X happened to V»X didn't plan or intend to V

temporal clauses

Further temporal clause constructors: after; during; whenever; as

clefts

It was Baird who invented television.

pseudoclefts

What Baird invented was television.

counterfactual conditional

JAKIŚ WARUNEK