Moja lekcja

to build someone/sth up

to praise someone/sth in a way that will increase expectations of them

to cement sth

to make sth more solid

to come up against a brick wall

meet a barrier / When I tried to find her, I came up against a brick wall.

to put a ceiling on sth

to suggest a limit to sth

glass ceiling

invisible barrier that stops people, especially women from raising to higher positions

the roof fell in on my world

my world collapsed

the floor give way

fainting

to go through the roof

prices, increased fast

to hit the roof

to be very angry

window

opening, limited tho

window of opportunity

chance to do sth special

to go out of the window

departs/vanishes

ivory tower

when sone is in ivory tower, he don’t know anything about the real world (academics)

person is a tower of strength

extremely strong (emotional)

to tower above

tall/outstanding others in other positive way

to be a gateway to -

to give an opportunity to get somewhere/ A degree in law is a gateway to a well

do sth through/by the back door

doing it unofficially

being the closed doors

(decision was made) no one knows exactly why and how it was made

key

importance

to keep the wolf from the door

to maintain oneself at a minimal level; to keep from starving, freezing

to clean up its own backyard

try to solve your own problems before you go and try to handle someone else's

chilly/nippy

freezing

sweltering/roasting

very hot

blowy/breezy

windy

oppressive/sultry

hot, makes u uncomfortable

stifling/heavy/close

hard to breathe/feel the air

downpour/deluge

heavy rain for a long time

humid

a lot of water in the air

muggy/clammy/sticky

makes your skin sticky, sweaty

climate

metaphorical general atmosphere or situation in society

moral climate

tendencies to behave in certain way

prevailing climate

dominant

sunny disposition

happy attitude

sunny outlook

positve outcome is expected

frosty reception

not nice, cold, reserved

to be snowed under work

have a lot of work

under a cloud (of suspicion)

to be investigated/ podejrzanym o coś

hail

grad

hazy

mist, fog

spark off a whirlwind

f.e. of speculation, to make sth escalate quickly and strongly

thunderous

loud, deep noise

thundery

stormy weather

porpoise

morświn, a small toothed whale

marsupial

torbacz, a mammal of an order whose members are born incompletely developed and are typically carried and suckled in a pouch on the mother's belly.

tortoise

żółw lądowy, a slow moving typically herbivorous land reptile of warm climates, enclosed in a scaly or leathery domed shell

turtle

żółw morski, a large marine reptile with a bony or leathery

tusks

a long pointed tooth

whiskers

a long projecting hair growing from the face of mammals

walrus

mors, a large gregarious marine mammal related to the eared seals, having two large downward pointing tusks

rhinoceros

a large, heavily built plant eating mammal with one or two horns on the nose and thick folded skin

antelope

swift running deer

mink

a small semiaquatic stoat like carnivore, norma. wydra

viper

a venomous snake with large hinged fangs, typically having a broad head

boa constrictor

a large snake, typically with bold markings, that kills by coiling around its prey

rattlesnake

a heavy bodied American pit viper with a series of horny rings on the tail

hyena

a doglike African mammal

reindeer

a deer of tundra

wasp

social winged insect wth narrow waist and a sting

ladybird

a small beetle, red or yellow with black dots

flea

small wingless jumping insect

bison

a humpbacked shaggy haired wild ox

ox

a cow/bull, domesticated bovine animal kept for milk/meat

sparrow

a small finch like bird, wróbel

budgerigar

papużka falista, a small gregarious Australian parakeet which is green with a yellow head

dormouse

an agile mouse like rodent with a hairy or bushy tail,

blackblid

kos, thrush with mainly black plumage.

crow

a large perching bird with mostly glossy black plumage, wrong

raven

a large heavily built crow with mainly black, kruk

blue tit

a small tit (songbird) with a blue cap, greenish blue back, and yellow underparts, sikorka

mammoth

a large extinct

buffalo

a heavily built wild ox with backward curving, bawół

bronosaurus

a huge herbivorous dinosaur with a long neck and tail.

cheetah

gepard, a large slender spotted cat

reptile

a cold blooded vertebrate animal of a class that includes snakes, lizards, crocodiles, turtles, and tortoises.

amphibian

a cold blooded vertebrate animal of a class that comprises the frogs, toads, newts, salamanders, and caecilians.

newt

a small slender bodied amphibian with lungs and a well developed tail, traszka

jackal

a slender long legged wild dog, szakal

yak

a large domesticated wild ox with shaggy hair, humped shoulders, and large

Alsatian

german shepherd, used as guard dogs or for police work.

foxhound

a dog of a smooth haired breed with drooping ears, often trained to hunt foxes in packs over long distances, pies łowczy

greyhound

chart, a dog of a tall, slender breed having keen sight and capable of high speed

gills

the paired respiratory organ of fish and some amphibians, by which oxygen is extracted from water

toad

a tailless amphibian with a short stout body and short legs, ropucha

elk

moose, a large deer with palmate antlers

wildebeest

gnu, a large dark antelope with a long head,

grasshopper/cricket

a plant eating insect with long hind legs which are used for jumping and for producing a chirping sound,

ass

a hoofed mammal of the horse family, which is typically smaller than a horse and has longer ears and a braying call, osioł, donkey

mule

an offspring of donkey and the horse

hare

a fast running, long eared mammal that resembles a large rabbit, zając

hooves

the horny part of the foot of an ungulate animal, especially a horse, kopyto

stag

a male deer

otter

a semiaquatic fish eating mammal of the weasel family, wydra

racoon

szop, a greyish brown American mammal which has a foxlike face with a black mask,

hawk

jastrząb, a diurnal bird of prey

falcon

a diurnal bird of prey, sokół

vulture

sęp, a large bird of prey with the head and neck more or less bare of feathers,

woodpecker

a bird with a strong bill and a stiff tail, which climbs tree trunks to find insects, dzięcioł

robin

rudzik, brownback with red on the breast

swallow

jaskółka, a migratory swift flying songbird

thrush

drozd, a small or medium sized songbird, typically having a brown back, spotted breast, and loud song.

weasel

łasica, a small, slender carnivorous mammal

skunk

skunks, a cat sized American mammal of the weasel family, black and white striped fur

species of vermin

robactwo, wild animals which are believed to be harmful to crops, farm animals, or game, or which carry disease.

stoat

gronostaj, a small carnivorous mammal of the weasel family which has chestnut fur with white underparts and a black tipped tail

humming bird

koliber, a small nectar feeding tropical American bird

porcupine

jeżozwierz, a large rodent with defensive spines or quills on the body and tail.

prickly

kolczasty, kłujący, covered in prickles

fins

płetwa, a flattened appendage on various parts of the body of many aquatic vertebrates,

swordfish

miecznik, a large edible marine fish with a streamlined body and a long flattened sword like snout

stingray

płaszczka, a bottom dwelling marine ray with a flattened diamond shaped body

cuckoo

announcer of spring, kukułka a long tailed, medium tailed, medium sized bird, typically with a grey or brown back and barred or pale underparts.

cockerel

starts the day (a young domestic cock)

magpie

petty thief sroka, a long tailed crow with boldly marked (or green) plumage and a noisy call.

to learn something...

parrot fashion / you are able to repeat thewords, but you do not understand their meaning

as dead as a

dodo / it is not important or popularany more

mare

stallion

vixen

fox

duck

drake

goose

gander

doe

buck (horned animal, deer, antelope, reindeer)

bitch

dog

cow

bull

lion

lioness

ewe

ram (sheep)

tiger

tigress

hen

cock

cat

tom(cat)

lambs

young sheep

chicks

young bird

larvae

immature form of insect

caterpillars

larva of butterfly/moth

cubs

young fox/bear/lion/carnivous mammal

foals

young horse

calves

young cow/bull

piglets

young pig

kids

young goat

burrow

hole/tunnel for a small animal/rabbit

stable/stall/shed

home of farm animals

den/liar

wild animals hidden home

hutch

cage/box for rabbits

kennel

shelter for dogs

sty

home of pigs

herd of

mammals

pack of

wild animals/wolves

flock of

birds

swarm of

insects

shoal of

fish

schools of

whales

pride of

lions

neigh

characteristic high whinnying sound made by a horse.

bray

donkeys, the loud, harsh cry of a donkey or mule

bay

hounds a deep noise, especially the noise made by dogs when hunting

snapping

irritable and inclined to speak

yapping

give a sharp, shrill bark

wagging

(tails) move or cause to move rapidly to and fro

squawk

(hawks) make a loud, harsh noise

bleat

(sheep) (of a sheep, goat, or calf) make a characteristic weak, wavering cry

cloaks

(frog)

cheep/screech

(birds) a short, high squeaky cry made by a young bird / give a loud, harsh, piercing cry

trumpet

(elephants) make a loud, penetrating sound resembling that of a trumpet

grunt

(pigs) make a low, short guttural sound.

hum

(flies) make a low, steady continuous sound like that of a bee

howl

(wolves)

dogs

(growl) make a low guttural sound of hostility in the throat

snarl

(of an animal such as a dog) make an aggressive growl with bared teeth:

squeal

(pigs) a long, high pitched cry or noise

snort

an explosive sound made by the sudden forcing of breath through one's nose

quack

(ducklings), harsh sound made by ducks

snap

(bulldogs) break with sharp, cracking sound

hoot

(owls), low, wavering, musical sounds

seed

start of an idea/feeling / of discontent/of revolution

root

origin of sth / going back to your roots

putting down roots

settling down, making home in one place

to take root

when an idea become known and accepted

grassroot supporters

ordinary people in the organization, not the leaders

nipped in the bud

stopped before it develops into sth

bud

a growth on a plant that develops into a flower

stem

a main body of plant

budding

promise of future development / she’s a budding young actor

branch out

sth that grows out of an organization / branches of shop

to weed out

to get rid of

to prune back

cut, limit / The government will probably have to prune back its proposals

reaping the rewards

(of all her years of study), getting results from

reaping what we sowed

experiencing the results of our actions

to have dug up

have discovered (the journalists have dug up some interesting facts)

to germinate

was begging to develop (the idea was germinating while we were on holiday)

to sprout up

have been appearing quickly in large numbers (the shopping centers have been sprouting up all over the country)

to be flourishing

is doing very well (our business is flourishing)

to shed its leaves

to lose (companies shed job/employees, people shed worries/weight.

to thrive

grow, develop well and successfully (the school is thriving, student numbers are up/she thrive on stress)

fade/wither/shrivel/wilt

become dead, smaller, with less energy (students were starting to wilt)

a withering/wither look/glance/remark

to make recipient feel scorned

shrinking habitats

places where animals/plants live, becoming smaller

biodiversity

variety of different types of species

global warming

steady rise in average world temperatures

fossil fuels

coal, oil etc.

greenhouse effect

warming of the earth surface caused by pollution gases trap and redirect heat back to earth surface

to exert severe pressure

puts/produce great great pressure

demographic projections

forecasts about the population/ based on scientific data

exponentially

extremely rapidly

depleting resources

resources that are reducing

contaminating

poisoning

precious commodity

very valuable substance

pristine environments

perfectly clean/untouched/unspoilt areas

water security

ability to ensure that a population gas safe drinking water.

green credentials

reputation for positive support of the envoirment

prophets of doom and gloom

people who make depressing/pessimistic predictions about the future

sustainable development

development of industry that does not damage the evoirent or social/economic stability. sustainability

renewable energy

energy using sun/wind/crops rather than coal or other fuels that can not be replaced

toxicity. toxic. toxically

toxicity. toxic. toxically

depletion. deplete. depleted

depletion. deplete. depleted

copyright infringement

a violation of the rights secured by a copyright/plagiarism

industrial piracy

the unauthorized use or appropriation of patented or copyrighted material, ideas, etc

industrial espionage

theft of trade secrets by the removal, copying or recording of confidential or valuable information in a company for use by a competitor

sweatshops

factories where people work very long hours for low wages

trade union representation

an union negotiating wages and conditions for the people it represents

piecework

only paid of amount they produce

multinationals

big companies operating in different countries

relocate/switch production to

move the company offices/production

components

part

assemble

to put together

public-private partnerships

partly state owned, partly owned by private industries

subsidy

money/grants which enable to stay in profit

inward investment

investment from foreign companies

privatisation

selling off state property to private companies

nationalisation/state ownership

when industry is owned by the government

conventional technology

using standard, proven tech

cutting edge technology

involving new/innovative tech.

hich tech(nology) industry

involving computers (eg software industry

lowtech industry

involving little/no computer technology

manufacturing industry

making things/consumer goods

service industry

serving people tourism, banking, restaurants

heavy industry

steel works, shipbuilding

light industry

manufacturing car parts, tv’s etc.

treetrunks

the main woody stem of tree

blossom

collective word for flowers

acorn

żołądź, an oak nut

ash

jesion

elm

wiąz

beech

buk

hedgerow

żywopłot

nettles

pokrzywa

rushes

szuwary/sitowie

ferns

paproćc

thistles

oset

pine tree

sosna

shrub

krzew

cone

szyszka

clover

koniczyna

natural vegetation on land

rośninność

foliage

collective for leaves

sepals

listek kielicha

stamens

pręciki

pollen grains

ziarnka pyłku

stye

?

ovules in ovaries

female germ cell in a reproductive organ

pollenation

act of deposit pollen on flower and allow feritisation

cedar

cedr

cypress

cyprys

holly tree

ostrokrzew

fir tree

jodła

yew

cis

silver birch

brzoza

sycamore

jawor

horsechestnut

kasztan

poplar

topola

plane tree

platan

carnation

goździk

bluebell

dzwoneczek

daisy

stokrotka

marigold

nagietek

dandelion

dmuchawiec, mlecz

pansy

bratek

snowdrop

przebiśnieg

primrose

pierwiosnek

poppy

mak

toadstools

muchomor

heather and gorse

heather and gorse

reeds

trzcina/szuwary

long creepers

pnącza

marshland

moczary/bagna

bark

kora, the tough protective outer sheath of the trunk, branches, and twigs

heath

an area of open uncultivated land, typically on acid sandy soil, with characteristic vegetation of heather,

among the undergrowth

a dense growth of shrubs and other plants, especially under trees in woodland, podszycie/runo

moorland

wrzosowisko, en extensive area of moor

to be broke/skint

have no money left

to be rolling in it

have a lot of money/informal

to make ends meet

to survive financially

to be strapped for cash

needed money

the cheque bounced

the bank refused to pay it

make cheque out to/payable to

what name shall i put on it

direct debit

a regular automatic payment

electronic trasfer

movement of money from one account to another onine

put it/stick it on my credit card

charge it to my credit card

APR

annual precentage rate of interest

expiry date

it is nit valid after

credit card fraud

illegal use of someones card/account

debit card

card where the money is taken directly from your account

store card

credit card issued by a shop for that shop

PIN

personal identification number

ATM

automated teller machine, cash machine

to withdraw money

to get money out of my account

lump sum

single, large payments

golden handshake

a large payment to someone leaving the job

severance pay

pay when someones leaving the job

share portfolios

combinstion of investment of diffirent types

stock market

organisation which controls the buying/selling of parts of the ownership of companies

stocks and shares

parts of ownership of companies people make as an investment

will

official statement of what a person decided to do with their money after their death

fundamentally

in a basic and important way

denial

not allowing people to have

violation

act that spoils or destroys sth

dignity

worth

absolute poverty

being poor according to a fixed minimum standard called poverty line

poverty line/threshold

minimum level ofincome deemed adequate in a particular country.

relative poverty

being poor in relation to others around you. it takes into account that there is no ucome equality between countries, depends on social context

social context

situation

extreme poverty

living below the poverty line, lacking in material npossesions and money

penury

anitherm term for extreme poverty

human poverty

being poor in a range of ways, not only financial it takes into accouns shelter, nutrition, sanitation, literacy levels, access to education and healthcare

deprived people

deprivation, lacking in things considered neccesary for a pleasant life

nutrition

food people take into their body

malnoutrished

suffering from ill health because of poor food quality (malnoutrishment/malnoutrition)

affluence/to be affluent

wealthy

breadline

poverty line, having a lvl of income of an extremly poor person

poverty stricken

affected by poverty

impoverished (areas)

poor, without much money to live on

destitute people

without money, food, home or possesion / destitution

living from hand to mouth

having just enough money to live on without suffering

tighten our belts

spend less than before

lowest icome brakcet

the group earning the least money

sustainable development

development which can continuenfor a long time

to take root

started to be accepted

deep poverty

object poverty

determined efforts

long time unchanging trying

allocating funds

giving to be used for a particular purpose

development grants

money to help development

pursuing policies

following plicies

eradicate poverty

completely get rid of

debt burden

the amount of debt that a particular country etc has, considered as a burden on itseconomy

easing the debt burden/cancelling debt

lifting the debt

debtor countrues/nations

countries who have debts

incurring more and more debt

borrowing

alleviating debt/debt relief

making the debt less severe/easier to pet

free trade agreements

Treaty between two or more countries to establish a free trade area where commerce in goods and services can be conducted across their common borders, without tariffs or hindrances

restrictive practices

the placing of unfair restrictions (limiting import)

trade wars

two or more states raising or creating tariffs or other trade barriers on each other

embargoes

total prohibition on importing/exporting certain goods

sanctions restrictions on what country may import/export /lifted

sanctions Restrictions on what country a small import / export / lifted

monetary union

Two or more countries with a single currency, or different currencies having a fixed mutual exchange rate

war torn economy

ailing economies, badly affected by war

devaluation/revaluation of currency

reduction/increase in value agains other countries

recession

to come out of/emerge from

doubledip recession

recession which ends and then begins again after short time

slump in prices

serious fall/collapse in prices

to boost the economy

give the economy a lift

to bend the law /rules

to break them in not very harmful way

to contravene a law

to break the law /contravention

to infringe a law

to break the law/rule /infringe, emt

to impeach a president/governor

to make a formal statement that a person in public office has committed s serious offence /impeachment

to lodge an appeal

to make an official request that a previous judgement should be changed

to uphold/overturn a verdict

to say that a previous decision in court was correct/incorrect

to pervert the course of justice

to make it difficult for justice to be done

to quash a conviction

to change a previous official decision that someone was guilty

to set a precedent

to establish a decision which must usually, in English law, be taken into account in future decision

to award/grant custody

to give one parent/adult the main responsibility for a child, especially after separation or divorce

to annul an agreement/marriage/law

to declare that it no longer exists and never existed (annulment)

to sue someone

to take legal action against someone

to allege

to sat that someone has done sth illegal without giving a proof

to amend a law

to make changes to the law

discrimination

unfair treatment on grounds of race/sex/nationality (to discriminate)

embezzlement

stealing money that is in your care/belongs to an organization that you work for (to embezzle

harassment

making a person feel anxious and unhappy (sometimes for sexual reasons, sometimes to get fe debt repaid, to harass)

insider trading/dealing

illegal buying and selling of shares by someone who has specialist knowledge of company (do/practise insider dealing / insider trader/dealer)

money laundering

moving money obtained illegally so that its origin cannot be traced (to launder money / money launderer)

perjury

lying when under oath (to commit perjury/ perjurer)

trespass/trespassing

go onto someone else’s land without permission (to trespass/trespasser)

a law abiding person

always obeys the law

a law breaker

sone who often & deliberately does not obey the law

to take the law into your own hands

do sth illegal to punish sone because u feel the legal system will not punish that person

lay down the law

say with great force what you think should happen

someone is a law unto himself

he behaves in a independent way, not the way in which most people behave