Terminologia Gramatyka Opisowa

accent

aspects of pronunciation that identify where a speaker is from, in contrast to dialect

adjective

one of the four lexical word classes in English, its most common use is modifying nouns: That' s great; a bad attitude, a word such as happy or strange used with a noun to provide more information

adverb

a word such as slowly or really used with a verb or adjective to provide more information

adverbial particle

a function word like on or up, that can be used as part of a phrasal and phrasal- prepositional verbs: turn on, put up with.

article

a word such as a, an or the used with a noun, the function words that signal definite or indefinite meaning: the, a, an.

auxiliary verb

a verb such as will used with another verb

bidialectal

being capable of speaking two dialects

bilingual

a term used to describe a native speaker of two languages or a country with two official languages, in contrast to monolingual

cardinal numeral

a word that states how many: the ten books.

collective noun

a noun that refers to a group: army, family, herd.

collocation

a combination of lexical words which frequently co-occur in texts: little + baby, small + amount, make + (a) + mistake.

common noun

a noun that refers to a class rather than a specific entity: girl, city, grief.

complex preposition

a preposition consisting of two or more words: such as, in case of. c

conjunction

a word such as and or because used to make connections between words, phrases and sentences

countable noun

a noun that refers to entities that can be counted: a cow, two cows.

definite article

the determiner the, which signals definite meaning.

demonstrative determiner

this/these and that/those acting as determiners (these cars / those girls)

demonstrative pronoun

a demonstrative form (this, that, these, those) functioning as a pronoun: You will need those.

dialect

aspects of the grammar, vocabulary and pronunciation of a variety of a language, in contrast to accent

etymology

the study of the origin and history of words

function words

words that express grammatical relationships and classifications, such as determiners, conjunctions, and prepositions.

idiom

a fixed expression with a meaning that cannot be determined from the individual parts: kick the bucket.

indefinite article

the determiner a/an that signals indefinite meaning.

irregular plural

the plural form of nouns that do not follow the regular rule of just adding -(e)s to form the plural: mouse - mice; child - children.

irregular verb

a verb which does not use the regular –ed inflection for past tense and/or past participle: speak-spoke- spoken; send-sent-sent.

language acquisition

the gradual development of ability in a first or second language by using it naturally in communicative situations

lexical verb

one of the four lexical word classes in English; e.g. come, find, overcome, magnify. Lexical verbs act as main verbs in clauses. They cannot act as auxiliary verbs.

lexical word classes

the open classes of words, used to convey content meaning: lexical verbs, nouns, adjectives, and adverbs (compare with function words).

modal verb

a type of auxiliary verb used to express logical or personal meanings: can, should, might.

monolingual

having, or being able to use, only one language, in contrast to bilingual

neologism

a new word

non-countable

type of noun that is not used in English with a/an or the plural (e.g. *a furniture, *two furnitures)- [*means not correct], in contrast to countable

noun

a word such as boy, bicycle or freedom used to describe a person, thing or idea,

numeral

a word that either specifies how many (cardinal numeral) or the position in a series (ordinal numeral): the past three years, the third week.

open class

a term describing lexical words (verbs, nouns, adjectives, adverbs), signifying that it is not possible to list all the members of the class and that new members are regularly added.

passive voice

the form of the verb used to say what happens to the subject (e.g. The car was stolen) in contrast to active voice

personal pronoun

the most common type of pronoun, which has different forms for first person (I, we), second person (you, yours) and third person (it, they).

possesive determiner`

a determiner in a noun phrase that expresses possession: my car, your bike.

possesive pronoun

a pronoun that expresses possession: It’s mine, That’s yours.

preposition

a word that introduces a prepositional phrase: in the car, your recollection about these events.

primary auxiliary

a primary verb (be, have, or do) when used as an auxiliary verb.

primary verb

one of the verbs be, have, and do, which can function as either auxiliary verbs or main verbs.

proper noun

a noun that names an individual, usually a specific person or place: Sue, Chicago.

reciprocal pronoun

a type of pronoun that expresses a mutual relationship between two or more parties: each other, one another,

reflexive pronoun

a type of pronoun that ends in –self and refers back to the subject of the clause: myself, herself, oneself.

semi-modal

a multi-word verb that shares some of the grammatical and semantic properties of modal verbs: have to, be going to.

standard language

the variety of a language treated as the official language and used in public broadcasting, publishing and education

syllable

a unit of sound consisting of a vowel and optional consonants before or after the vowel

verb

a word such as go, drown or know used to describe an action, event or state