EViU | Chapters: 26-55

oferować dobry stosunek wartości do ceny

to offer good value for money

when you may stay somewhere overnight before continuing to your destination

a stopover

a bed in a cabin with other people

a berth in a shared cabin | berth = kuszetka

to escape your daily life and routines

to get away from it all

wagon osobowy (w pociągu)

carriage / coach [BrE] or car [AmE]

get off one train and on to another

to change trains

a train which takes you directly to your destination

a through train = a direct train

to travel to different places (informal)

to get around (e.g. car hire is another way of getting around)

go where you want when you want

to come and go as you please

if you do your own cooking during holidays

a self-catering holiday

a small cottage or cabin specially built for holiday-maker

a chalet

urlopowicz, wczasowicz

holidaymaker [BrE] / vacationer or vacationist [AmE]

a small, relatively cheap hotel

a guest house | pensjonat, domek gościnny

similar to a pub but also offering accommodation

an inn

usually breakfast and one other meal

half board

all meals included

full board

go where there are not many people

to escape the crowds

go to places tourists don't normally go, somewhere different or unusual

to get off the beaten track

extremely beautiful

stunning

showing good judgement, esp. about style and quality

discerning | wymagający, wytrawny

a crowd, in a negative sense

a horde

a large amount of...

a wealth of...

to get back your energy

to recharge

areas of land protected in order to keep safe the animals and plants that live there, often because they are rare

nature reserves | rezerwaty przyrody

are of land (collocates with large, vast, huge)

a tract | obszar, przestrzeń, połać ziemi

wzbudzający podziw, zbudzający respekt

awe-inspiring

a long, pleasant walk but not too demanding

a ramble [BrE] | przechadzka, spacer

a more demanding walk, suggesting more difficult terrain

a hike

a walk that usually spans over several days over wild country

a trek

the business of organising holidays in a way which helps local people and does not damage the environment

ecotourism

the inland areas furthest away from the sea or from borders with other countries

heartland

on the edge of the sea or of a river

waterfront

dry

arid

tending to have a particular negative characteristic

prone to

area in the north with no trees and permanently frozen ground

tundra

plant life

vegetation

trees that are evergreen (= in leaf all year round) and produce cones

coniferous | iglasty

szyszka

cone

trees that lose their leaves in winter

deciduous | liściasty, zrzucający liście, ale też mleczny o zębie

ząb mleczny

deciduous tooth

umiarkowany (o klimacie)

temperate

flat grasslands in Canada and Northern US

prairie | preria, step północnoamerykański

a field planted with rice growing in water

paddy field | pole ryżowe

to take care of sth

to tend sth

producing goods in large numbers

manufacturing

in an important position regarding something

to be at the forefront of sth

existing naturally in that place

indigenous (e.g. tribes)

to make your home somewhere

to settle somewhere | osiedlić się

cold (adjective, provide synonyms)

chilly, freezing, nippy

hot (adjective, about weather, provide synonyms)

boiling, sweltering, roasting

windy (adjective, provide synonyms)

blowy, breezy

what does a climate of distrust mean?

a general situation of distrust

to cloud something

to confuse something (e.g. to cloud one's judgement)

mgliste wspomnienie

a hazy memory

1. existing at a particular time or in a particular place, 2. attitudes or types of behaviour are the ones that are most common or have most influence

prevailing

parny, duszny (o pogodzie)

oppressive, sultry, stifling, heavy, close (e.g. It's close today. I can barely breathe.)

ulewa

downpour, deluge, it's pouring

leje jak z cebra!

it's chucking it down!

wilgotny (w nieprzyjemny sposób, głównie o pogodzie)

humid, muggy. clammy, sticky

frosty

unfriendly, unwelcoming (e.g. sth is met with frosty reception but also frosty tone, frosty look)

with your reputation damaged because you may have done something wrong

under a cloud (e.g. he left the company under a cloud)

rapid, moving quickly in other words

whirlwind (e.g. a whirlwind romance)

1. neither very great nor very small in amount, size, strength, or degree, 2. reasonable and avoiding extreme opinions or actions

moderate (e.g. moderate increase/loss/growth)

to moderate

to make less extreme

lots of hard, unpleasant things that one can't stop or escape from

a hail of something

to praise sb/sth in a way that will increase expectations of them

built sth/sb up

to make relationships more solid

to cement

to meet a barrier (metaphorically)

to come up against a brick wall

a limit to sth

ceiling (e.g. they put a ceiling on the number of planned redundancies)

used about prices, to increase in a rapid, uncontrolled fashion

go through the roof

to get very angry

hit the roof

a chance to do sth special

window of opportunity

(usually about a quality or idea) to depart

go out (of) the window

not to know about the unpleasant or ordinary thinks that happen in life

to live in an ivory tower

1) to be outstandingly tall, 2) to be outstanding in some positive way

to tower above sth/sb

to give an opportunity to get somewhere

to be a gateway to

to do sth unofficially

do sth through/by the back door

to do sth in secret

to do sth behind closed doors

to provide the starting point

to lay the foundations

to go back to the place where your family came from

go back to your roots

roots suggest the origin of sth

e.g. the root of a problem

to settle down and make your home in one place

to put down roots

when an idea becomes known or accepted, it...

takes root

to stop sth before it develops into sth

to nip sth in the bud (= zdusić coś w zarodku)

to weed out

to get rid of

to cut/limit sth

to prune back

to become smaller

to fade

to get results from sth

to reap the rewards of something

to experience the logical results of your actions (usually used in negative contexts)

to reap what you sowed

to dig up

to discover

to germinate

to begin to develop

to lose energy

to wilt

to appear quickly in large numbers

to sprout up

first signs of sth happening

green shoots of sth

to grow/develop well and successfully based on sth

to thrive on sth (e.g. stress)

an animal that eats a diet that is mainly or exclusively meat (or grass/vegetation)

carnivore (herbivore)

an animal that feeds on dead animals which it has not killed itself

scavenger

behaving very gently (about animals)

docile

not afraid of humans, usually because of training or long involvement with humans (about animals)

tame

extremely violent or wild

savage

behaving aggresively

fierce

preferred natural place for living and breeding

natural habitat

to die out / to become extinct

wyginąć

areas of land where animals are protected from hunting

game reserve / game park

a place where stray cats, dogs, etc. are given food and a place to live

animal shelter

sports whose purpose is to kill or injure animals

blood sports

the selling of animal furs. for coats, jackets, etc.

fur trade

people who hunt animals illegally

poachers

polować na coś

prey on something

kampania na rzecz czegoś

campaign for something

places where animals live and breed which are decreasing in size

shrinking habitats

variety of different types of biological species

biodiversity

in danger of no longer existing

endangered species

zmiany klimatyczne

climatic changes

balance of natural relationships in the environment

ecological balance

unrestricted destruction of forests

uncontrolled deforestation

getting rid of waste

waste disposal

poisonous waste materials

toxic waste

reputation for positive support of the environment and for making policies that reflect this

green credentials

steady rise in average world temperature

global warming

coal, oil, etc.

fossil fuels (paliwa kopalne)

to put great pressure on something in other words

to exert severe pressure on something

limited that will eventually run out / be exhausted

finite resources

forecasts about the population

demographic projections

ability to ensure that a population has safe drinking water

water security

people who always make the most depressing and pessimistic predictions about the future

prophets of doom and gloom

development of industry, etc. which doesn't damage the environment or social and economic stability, and which can continue over a period of time

sustainable development

toksyna, trucizna

toxin

to listen, take things seriously and act

be responsible to sth

willing to understand and help

accommodating | uprzejmy, uczynny

willing and happy to do things for somebody

obliging

być na gwarancji

to be under guarantee/warranty

to be available in a real, physical store

to be in-store

lacking a personal element or feeling of human warmth

impersonal

poor quality (of services or of goods)

shoddy

below the standard expected

substandard

not supportive, unwilling to work together

uncooperative

phone number where you can get help if you have problems

a helpline

make sb wait

put sb on hold

alphabetical list of contents of website

site index

a form with personal details and date of arrival

landing card

form showing how much money and what goods you're carrying

customs declaration form

paper proving you have had the necessary health injections

vaccination certificate

rules about who can enter a country and for how long

entry regulations

checks done as a sample rather than checking everyone or everything

spot checks (on sth, e.g. baggage)

specially trained dogs who locate specific items using their sense of smell

sniffer/detector dogs

to request permission to stay in another country to avoid persecution back home

to claim asylum

make people obey the law

enforce the law

fotoradar

safety/speed camera

tv system sending signals to a limited number of screens

CCTV

police who don't wear uniform

plain-clothes police

tricking people on the Internet to give up personal information

phishing

a person who supports a particular idea or party

an adherent (of)

a person who's taken on a new set of beliefs

a convert (to)

sb with a very strong belief that something is great (often disapproving)

a fanatic

sb who believes there should be extreme change, often political

a radical (verb. to radicalise)

sb opposed to change or new ideas (disapproving)

a reactionary

a principle on which a belief is based

a tenet

a person who publicly supports an opinion

a proponent (of sth)

a way of thinking about a situation

a viewpoint = a point of view

not wanting or able to believe sth

incredulous

influenced by beliefs or feelings rather than facts

subjective

przypisać coś komuś

attribute sth to sb

accept that sb is telling the truth even though it's not certain

give sb the benefit of the doubt

do not totally believe what you're told

take sth w/ a pinch of salt

100th anniversary (200th anniversary)

centenary (bi-)

serious, heavy and sad

sombre

extremely colourful and exaggerated

flamboyant

very noisy

raucous

respect and remember officially

to commemorate (= upamiętnić, uczcić pamięć)

a group of countries ruled by a single person

empire

beginning (in other words)

dawn

when sb or an army defeats and takes over another country

a conquest (podbój)

very small amounts

shreds

soldiers on foot (uncountable)

infantry

soldiers on horseback (uncountable)

cavalry

rydwan

chariot

a military leader who controls a country or, more often, an area within a country

warlord (gubernator wojskowy lub watażka)

collective term for people of the highest social rank in a society

the nobility (arystokracja)

to be influenced or controlled too much by something

be a slave to​/​of something

extreme poverty

penury

a place to live that is protected from the weather

shelter

weak or ill because you do not eat enough or do not eat enough of the right foods

malnourished

conditions and processes relating to people’s health, especially the systems that supply water and deal with human waste

sanitation (= warunki sanitarne)

money is tight

there's not much money

range of income with upper and lower levels

income bracket

not having the things that are essential for a comfortable life

deprived (e.g. deprived home - ubogi dom)

categorised at in other words

labelled as

provide a synonym for 'wealth'

affluence

to have a life with many dangers and risks, especially because you like to behave in an extreme and unusual way

live on the edge

to be extremely poor

live/be on the breadline

have enough money to buy all you need

to make ends meet (wiązać koniec z końcem)

affected by poverty

poverty-stricken

poor, without much money to live on

impoverished (zubożały)

with no money or possessions

destitute (adjective)

to have just enough money or food to stay alive

to live from hand to mouth (= klepać biedę)

try to influence the opinions

to lobby

a law, or a set of laws

legislation

period after a proposed law has been discussed by Parliament when it's looked at in detail by a group of people

committee stage

a committee that checks and reports on some aspect of government work

select committee

to look very closely at something

scrutinise (szczegółowo badać, analizować)

a large political meeting or demonstration

rally (zbiórka zwolenników lub przeciwników czegoś)

if something is down to somebody, it's...

the responsibility of that person

opinia/zdanie w sprawie czegoś

opinion on something

the official record of debates in the British, Canadian, Australian, New Zealand, or South African parliament.

Hansard

someone who lives in a constituency and is allowed to vote in elections

constituent (= wyborca z danego regionu) | constituency = okręg wyborczy

when sth is substantive, it's...

of significance

a set of plans or actions agreed on by a government, political party, business, or other group

policy

to cross departmental boundaries

to deal with different departments

a statement that someone has done something wrong or illegal even though this has not been proved

allegation (bezpodstawne twierdzenie, insynuacja)

a conduct (of sb) - what does it mean?

just behaviour of someone

to follow closely to see how a job is done

to shadow the work of somebody

covering many subjects, diverse

wide-ranging

special skill or knowledge that you get from experience, training, or study

expertise (in something)

a full set of laws of a country

constitution

to form (e.g. an organisation)

to constitute

to try to achieve

to pursue

to set up (provide synonyms)

to establish / to put in place

pokazać komuś, gdzie jego miejsce

put somebody in their place

to show that you support something such as an idea by what you say or do

to uphold

involvement in a difficult situation in order to improve it

intervention

to accept that something is true or important OR to accept the authority or status of someone or something

to recognise (e.g. This credit card is recognised all over the world.)

niezaprzeczalnie / niewątpliwie

undeniably (syn. certainly)

to promise to do sth (formal)

to undertake to do something (= zobowiązać się do zrobienia czegoś)

powszechny, zwyczajowy

customary (e.g. It's customary to tip the waiter.)

break the law/rules in a way that's considered not to be very harmful

to bend the law/rules

to break the law

to contravene the law / to infringe the law

to make a formal statement saying that a person in public office has committed a serious offence

to impeach a president/governor

to make an official request that a previous judgement should be changed

to lodge an appeal

to say that a previous decision in court was correct/incorrect

to uphold/overturn a verdict

someone who is determined to succeed and who works hard to achieve this.

go-getter

to try to influence the result of a court case, especially by preventing the true facts about a crime from being known. Perverting the course of justice is also referred to as obstructing the administration of justice.

to pervert the course of justice

to change a previous official decision that someone was guilty

to quash a conviction (= unieważniać skazanie)

to take legal action against sb

to sue sb

to give one parent or adult the main responsibility for a child, esp. after separation or divorce

to award/grant custody to sb (= przyznać opiekę nad dzieckiem)

to declare that sth no longer exists and never existed

to annul a(n) agreement/marriage/law/contract

to say that sb has done sth illegal without giving proof

to allege (zarzucać coś komuś, pomawiać kogoś)

to make changes to a law

to amend a law

unfair treatment on grounds of sex, rate or nationality

discrimination against sth

stealing money that belongs to an organisation that you work for

embezzlement (= defraudacja, malwersacja)

putting undue pressure on sb

harassment

lying under an oath

perjury (= krzywoprzysięstwo)

illegal buying and selling of shares by sb who has specialist knowledge of a company

insider trading/dealing

moving money obtained illegally so that its origin cannot be traced

money laundering

following sb or giving them unwanted or obsessive attention

stalking

going onto someone else's land without permission

trespassing

take the law into your own hands - what does it mean?

you do sth illegal to punish sb bc you feel the legal system will not punish that person

to refuse to behave like everyone else, or to believe you can do whatever you want to

to be a law unto oneself (idiom, = stanowić prawo dla samego siebie, robić cokolwiek się zechce)

to say with great force what you think should happen

to lay down the law (idiom, = rozkazywać, rządzić się)

activities concerning the relationships between governments

diplomacy

official order such as the stopping of trade, taken against a country to make it obey

sanction

people injured or killed that who are not members of the military/police

civilian casualites

remove someone from power using force

overthrow

disagreement or fighting between groups

unrest

when sth is all-out (e.g. a war), it is...

complete & total

finding a way to end conflict and the negative feelings between groups

conflict resolution

to start to use a plan or idea so that it becomes real and has practical results

put​/​bring​/​carry something into effect (= wcielić w życie)

having existed for a long time

longstanding (e.g. a tradition, arrangement, agreement)

fight a war against sb in other words

wage war on someone

to attack unexpectedly from secret positions

to ambush

an agreement to stop fighting for a period of time, especially in order to discuss permanent peace

a ceasefire (= zawieszenie broni)

a planned group of military activities

a campaign

people fighting against their government

a rebellion

głęboka bieda

deep/abject poverty

give to be used for a particular purpose

to allocate (e.g. funds)

what is a development grant?

a grant awarded, esp by a government, to a person or company in order to fund the development of a new product OR a grant paid by a government to a company choosing to set up in an area suffering from unemployment and economic depression

to get rid of something completely, especially something bad

to eradicate

what does an ailing economy mean?

an economy in a bad state

what does a double-dip recession mean?

it's a recession which ends and then begins again after a short time

give the economy a lift

to boost the economy

the placing of unfair restrictions, e.g. limiting imports

restrictive practices

restrictions on what a country may import/export

sanctions

what does it mean to lift restrictions?

to cancel restrictions

a war-torn economy has been...

badly affected by war

znaleźć się / wyjść z recesji

go into recession / come out of OR emerge from recession

a serious fall/collapse in prices

slump in prices

poprawić dostęp do czegoś

improve access to something

to have no money left

to be broke/skint

to have lots of money

to roll in it (informal)

when your finances are not good

things are a bit tight

to need cash and have very little

to be strapped for cash

a regular automatic payment

a direct debit

movement of money online between two bank accounts

electronic transfer

annual percentage rate of interest

ARP

card where the money is taken directly from your bank account

debit card

credit card issued by a store/shop for that store

store card

to take money from your account (synonyms)

to get some money out / to withdraw some money

bankomat

ATM = cash machine = cashpoint

karta zbliżeniowa

contactless card = tap-and-go card

a single, large payment

a lump sum

a large payment to sb on leaving a job

a golden handshake

a combination of investments of different kinds

a share portfolio (= portfel akcji)

money saved over many years

life savings

descriptions of the lives of people who've just died

obituary

a newspaper article expressing the editor's opinion on a topical issue.

an editorial (= artykuł wstępny, wstępniak)

a short advertisement that you put in a newspaper, for example so that you can sell something

classified ad

a separate magazine included w/ the newspaper

supplement (= dodatek)

an article or set of articles devoted to a particular topic

a feature (on sth)

sections in a paper or magazine that deal with readers' private emotional problems

agony columns

a person who answers letters in the agony column

an agony aunt

grzbiet książki

a spine of a book

prowadzić dziennik

to keep a journal

the use of small computers to produce newspapers, magazines, or professional documents

desktop publishing [= publikowanie zza biurka (przygotowywanie tekstów i ilustracji do druku)]

a number of copies sold by a newspaper or magazine

a circulation (= nakład)

a regular report with information for people belonging to a particular group

newsletter

to access sth illegally

to hack sth

odfiltrować

screen out = filter out (e.g. screen out spam = prevent it from reaching you)

unsurpassed - what's the meaning?

it means 'the best there is'

to be much better than any other / pozostawić daleko w tyle

to leave sb/sth standing (e.g. our dishwashers leave other models standing)

make sth seem insignificant

to put/leave sth in the shade

extremely low / na najniższym możliwym poziomie

rock-bottom [adj] / rock bottom [noun] means the lowest possible level

to slash prices

to dramatically reduce prices

to treat yourself to something luxurious

to pamper yourself / dogodzić sobie

to let yourself do or have something that you enjoy but which may be bad for you

indulge yourself with something

impressive, expensive, and of high quality

sumptuous = opulent

designed by studying people and their working or living conditions, esp. in order to improve effectiveness

ergonomically designed

to be noticed (= wyróżniać się w tłumie/z tłumu)

to stand out in/from the crowd

to turn heads [idiom]

to attract a lot of attention

words written in the sky using smoke from a plane

sky-writing

advertising posters hung at the back and front of a person, who then walks around a busy area

sandwich boards

what does it mean 'to plug' in marketing?

it means 'to advertise'

what does broadcast journalism include?

TV and radio

where ordinary citizens use social media to report, photograph and share news with others

citizen journalism

people trying to influence what other people think about a particular issue

pressure groups (= grupy nacisku)

what does it mean to 'air your view'? [idiom]

to express your opinions

to want to reach a wider audience

to seek publicity (= szukać rozgłosu)

a short comment by a politician or other famous person that is taken from a longer conversation or speech and broadcast alone because it is very interesting or effective

a soundbite

to present a story in your own way

to put your own gloss/spin on a story

what does it mean to monitor?

to regularly check

polować na coś

hunt for [idiom] = look for

nagłośnienie, uwaga, zainteresowanie (mediów)

media coverage (news about something on television or radio or in the newspapers)

a newspaper (suggesting it's not of very high quality)

a rag

what does 'gutter press' mean?

it's a disapproving term used about the kind of newspapers/magazines that are more interested in crime/sex than serious news

iść do druku

to go to press

previous issues of a paper

back copies

a story that's only to be found in one newspaper

an exclusive = a scoop

oszczerstwo, zniesławienie, potwarz

a libel (also: to libel as a verb) OR a defamation

the practice of looking for and publishing evidence that a famous person has done something wrong

muckraking (= ujawnianie skandalu, pranie brudów) | muckraker - sb who looks for scandals

[legal] the crime of saying something about someone that is not true and is likely to damage their reputation

slander (also functions as a verb 'to slander')

what's primary care?

provided by the doctors or nurses who the patient goes to first when they have a problem

a doctor who does the job of another doctor who's ill or on holiday

a locum

what's acute condition?

one that's severe and sudden in onset (onset = nadejście)

what's secondary care?

provided by specialists in special clinics or hospitals

być skierowanym do specjalisty (od swojego lekarza)

to be referred to a specialist

okulista

ophthalmologist

what's a surgery?

a small centre offering primary care run by a single GP or a group of GPs

what's a clinic?

a centre which specializes in treating a particular condition or group of conditions

położnik

obstetrician

pediatra

paediatrician

anestezjolog

anaesthetist

what's alternative/complementary medicine?

approaches that differ from conventional western approaches

kręgarz

chiropractor (= people who treat patients by pressing joints in places where two joints are connected, e.g. the spine, or backbone)

być opłacanym z podatków

be paid for through taxes

tax paid by most working adults which covers the costs of healthcare for everyone

national insurance

finansowane przez państwo

state-funded / state-financed

what does it mean to go private?

to choose private healthcare

provide four expressions that mean "not well, but not seriously ill"

1) off-colour (to look off-colour), 2) feel out of sort, 3) feel under the weather, 4) feel poorly

to try to get rid of a cold

to fight off a cold

to catch a disease, usually a non-serious illness

to go down with (e.g. the flu) / if you're talking about yourself, it's more common to use 'come down with, e.g. the flu

what does it mean to suffer from something?

to have more long-term health problems

with a high temperature /fever

feverish

feeling that you want to vomit

nauseous

what does it mean to get over (e.g. a virus)

to recover / get better

what does it mean to recover from (e.g. an operation)?

to get better, used for more serious illnesses

what does it mean to be on the mend? [idiom]

1) to be getting better after an illness / 2) to be improving after a difficult or unsuccessful period

persistent, low-level pain

an ache (also a verb 'to ache')

to give pain, stronger than 'to ache'

to hurt

what does 'aches and pains' mean?

a fixed expression, refers to minor problems (e.g. I'm fine apart from the usual aches and pains)

what does 'cuts and bruises' mean?

fixed expression, refers to minor injuries

a sudden, burning pain

sting/stinging (= kłucie)

beating w/ pain (e.g. about headache)

throbbing (e.g. my head is throbbing)

pain & difficulty moving your neck round

to have a stiff neck

a. feeling that you're spinning round and can't balance

dizzy (adj)

what does 'bunged up' mean (about your nose)?

bunged up = blocked (about your nose!)

what does 'to be over the worst' mean?

to be past the most difficult period (e.g. of a sickness)

to be fully healthy again

to be back on your feet [idiom] (= stanąć na nogi)

what does it mean to have a past history of a disease?

to have a record of medical conditions a person has experienced

an illness or medical condition in other words

disorder (= zaburzenie / choroba)

an illness of the stomach or digestive passages

gastrointestinal disease (żołądkowo-jelitowa choroba)

przewód pokarmowy

gastrointestinal tract

a tube that carries solid waste out of the body

bowel (= jelito)

what is a bowel movement [formal]

wypróżnienie

what are adverse reactions?

unwanted results

what is a condition (medical term)?

an illness or a physical problem

what's a prognosis (medical)?

how experts expect an illness to develop

a rash of sth

a number of similar things happening at the same time (e.g. a rash of burglaries)

a point of very high intensity

at the fever pitch / to reach fever pitch

what does 'jaundiced' mean?

1) yellow-looking skin because of a liver problem 2) unenthusiastic or sceptical because of previous bad experiences

what does it mean to carry the scars of sth or to be scarred by sth?

to be permanently affected by a negative experience

trzymać rękę na pulsie (to be conscious of new developments in a situation)

to have/keep one's finger on the pulse [idiom]

na czas trwania czegoś

for the duration of something

what does 'to impede' mean?

to slow down or make difficult

unwanted substance that forms on the surface of the arteries

plaque (płytka miażdżycowa, ale również osad nazębny)

to make sth to become blocked

to clog

to cause a problem

to pose a danger

what does 'cardiovascular' mean?

it relates to the heart and blood (= sercowo-naczyniowy/krążeniowy)

a hormone that controls the level of sugar in the body

insulin

good at or keen on sports

sporty

the rate at which your body digests food

metabolism

what does it mean to be intent on sth?

to be determined to do sth

quick & energetic (e.g. about a walk)

brisk

to try to gain an advantage but make things worse rather than better

to score an own goal

what does it mean to move the goalposts?

to change the rules

what does a level playing-field mean?

a fair situation / a situation that is fair for all the people involved

to be seriously considered in other words

to be in the running for sth

what does 'to skate around' mean?

to not talk directly about sth (e.g. to skate around the subject)

to do something, or to deal with something, very easily (sailing metaphor)

sail through something

industry that uses large heavy machines to produce materials such as coal or steel or large objects such as cars or ships

heavy industry

technology that involves the most modern or advanced methods, especially electronic equipment and computers

high technology

extremely modern and advanced

cutting-edge (e.g. technology)

the sale of a business or industry that was owned and managed by the government

privatisation

industry in which small goods are produced, for example things that you use in the house

light industry

when industry is owned by the government

state ownership

what does it mean to nationalize

if a government nationalizes a large company or industry, it takes control of it and owns it

training people for new jobs and teaching them new skills

retraining/reskilling

big companies with operations in many different countries

multinationals

what is a cost-cutting exercise?

an effort to reduce costs

what's a public-private partnership?

partly state-owned, partly owned by private industries or businesses

money/grants which enable an industry/business to stay in profit

subsidy

an investment from foreign companies

an inward investment

be only paid for the amount your produce

be on piece-work (= być pracownikiem akordowym)

what does it mean to work on zero hours contract

number of hours you work each week may vary, or there's no work, so you don't get paid (=umowa zero godzin (typ umowy o pracę w Wlk. Brytanii)

a union that negotiates wages and conditions for the people it represents

trade union representation

what does it mean to switch production?

to move the centre of manufacturing to a different place