→ Descriptive Grammar → Avvia Impara / Scarica schede MP3

Domanda		Risposta
nouns podzial inizia ad imparare		proper, common count, not-count
no-count liczymy za pomoca inizia ad imparare		classifiers
verbs podzial inizia ad imparare		static dynamic
verbs podzial participants inizia ad imparare		intransitive, monotransitive, ditransitive, complex transitive
intransitive verbs inizia ad imparare		one participant - john is running
monotransutive inizia ad imparare		2 participants - mary knows the president
ditransitive inizia ad imparare		3 participants- john gave mary the dollars
seem inizia ad imparare		copular
appear inizia ad imparare		copular
sound inizia ad imparare		copular
turn inizia ad imparare		copular
look inizia ad imparare		copular
smell inizia ad imparare		copular
taste inizia ad imparare		copular
feel inizia ad imparare		copular
get inizia ad imparare		copukar
complex transitive verbs inizia ad imparare		mary considers john an imposter
believe inizia ad imparare		complex transit
consider inizia ad imparare		complex transit
find inizia ad imparare		complex transit
judge inizia ad imparare		complex transit
keep inizia ad imparare		comlex transit
think inizia ad imparare		complex transit
know inizia ad imparare		complex transit
presume inizia ad imparare		complex teansit
presume inizia ad imparare		complex transit
many inizia ad imparare		det
all inizia ad imparare		det
that inizia ad imparare		sub
verbs podzial inizia ad imparare		modal, non-modal auxiliary
following inizia ad imparare		adj
podzial czasownikow inizia ad imparare		lexical, modal, non-modal auxuliary
korygować inizia ad imparare		revise
konczyc inizia ad imparare		terminate
wytlumaczyc inizia ad imparare		account for
at home inizia ad imparare		wyrazenie przyimkowe
in time inizia ad imparare		prepositional phrase
with me inizia ad imparare		prepositional phrase
at home inizia ad imparare		prepositional phrase
word classes ile inizia ad imparare		8
words podzial inizia ad imparare		content, function
concent words inizia ad imparare		lexical morphemes
function words inizia ad imparare		grammatical morphemes
noncount inizia ad imparare		masscount
nouns podzial inizia ad imparare		concrete, abstract, collective
several inizia ad imparare		determiner
which inizia ad imparare		determiner
whose inizia ad imparare		determiner
degree words inizia ad imparare		intensifiers -rather, very, so
Adjective rodzaje inizia ad imparare		attributive, predicative
lexical verb inizia ad imparare		main verb
paradigm inizia ad imparare		set of all inflectional forms of the word
rodzaje przymiotnikow ze wzgledu na stopniowanie inizia ad imparare		analytical, synthetic
determiners rola inizia ad imparare		they determine the noun phrase
reference inizia ad imparare		definite, indefinite
indefinite reference inizia ad imparare		specific, unspecific
prepozirions podział inizia ad imparare		spacial, temporal
coordinators inizia ad imparare		join the elements of the same status
subordinator inizia ad imparare		introduct clauses
subordinator inizia ad imparare		introduct clauses
subordinator inizia ad imparare		introduct clauses
clause inizia ad imparare		full grammatical unit
too inizia ad imparare		degree word
most inizia ad imparare		degree word
need inizia ad imparare		auxiliary
whatever inizia ad imparare		determiner
lexicon inizia ad imparare		the inventory of all the morphemes
aka inizia ad imparare		also known as
word class inizia ad imparare		lclass of expressions which share a common set of grammatical properties
distribution inizia ad imparare		the environment in which the members of s class typically occur
losowy inizia ad imparare		arbitrary
jednostka inizia ad imparare		entity
zewnetrzny inizia ad imparare		external
classifiers inizia ad imparare		unit nouns
verbs odmiana inizia ad imparare		six-term inflectional paradigm
fairly inizia ad imparare		degree modifier
very inizia ad imparare		degree modifier
three years inizia ad imparare		measure phrase
predictive adjectives inizia ad imparare		complements of a copular verb
zdrajca inizia ad imparare		traitor
her inizia ad imparare		determiner
hers inizia ad imparare		pronoun
inflwction inizia ad imparare		adjusting to the context
derivation inizia ad imparare		morphological operations by wchich new words are formed
root inizia ad imparare		carries the lexical information
interfix inizia ad imparare		goes in between(o)
infix inizia ad imparare		inside a single lexem
circumfix inizia ad imparare		en
3 types of compounds inizia ad imparare		endocentric, exocentric, appositional
appositional inizia ad imparare		both elements have equal status
exocentric inizia ad imparare		u cant say that 1 element is more important than the other
endocentric inizia ad imparare		1 element describes the other
conversion inizia ad imparare		lexical recategorisation
back-formation inizia ad imparare		removing part of the word that we have
reduplication inizia ad imparare		repetition of the word/slight chanfe
clipping inizia ad imparare		cutting the part of the word
blending inizia ad imparare		we take 2 words clip one element and put together
acronomization inizia ad imparare		taking the first letters, sylabs
internal modification inizia ad imparare		creating new words by substituting the sounds
another inizia ad imparare		pronoun
morphology inizia ad imparare		deals with internal structure of words
morphem inizia ad imparare		the smallest component of the world
simple words simplexes inizia ad imparare		lexical items made of one morpheme
podzial na words inizia ad imparare		simple words, complex words
concatenative processes inizia ad imparare		putting together a basr and an affix or two or more morphemes
non-concatenative processes inizia ad imparare		no morpheme is joined with another morpheme
cicumfix inizia ad imparare		in- unproductive in english
types of morphrmes inizia ad imparare		prefix, suffix, root, interfix,
compounding inizia ad imparare		concatenation of at least two root morphemes
girlfriend inizia ad imparare		appositional
woman dictor inizia ad imparare		appositional
woman doctor inizia ad imparare		appositional
sleepwalk inizia ad imparare		appositional
tennis shoe inizia ad imparare		endocentric
kitchen chair inizia ad imparare		endocentric
sit-in inizia ad imparare		exocentric
pickpocket inizia ad imparare		exocentric
redhead inizia ad imparare		exocentric
borrowings inizia ad imparare		enter a language from the system of another panguage
many inizia ad imparare		specifier
our inizia ad imparare		specifier
so inizia ad imparare		specifier
too inizia ad imparare		specifier
right inizia ad imparare		specifier
quite inizia ad imparare		specifier
just inizia ad imparare		specifier
word form inizia ad imparare		the different ways a word can the context of languageexist in
head inizia ad imparare		minimal projection
phrases r endocentric inizia ad imparare		they r built around the head successively
constituency test N inizia ad imparare		N - one/ones, pronoun,
constituencg tests v inizia ad imparare		do so, ellipsis, did
constituency tests inizia ad imparare		movement: topic, postponing, subject aux inversion, passive for NP
tom inizia ad imparare		volume
argument structure inizia ad imparare		the number and kinds of arguments a predicate takes
podmiot inizia ad imparare		subject
orzeczenie inizia ad imparare		predicate
agent restructions inizia ad imparare		nie stative verb with experiencer
what x did was inizia ad imparare		x - agent, force, cause
what happend to x was inizia ad imparare		x - patient, theme
causative alternation inizia ad imparare		jane broke the cup
inochative alternation inizia ad imparare		the cup broke
(indefinite) object drop inizia ad imparare		mike ate (the cake)
dative alternation inizia ad imparare		bill sold tom a car, bill sold a car to tom
benefactive alternation inizia ad imparare		martha carved a toy for the baby- the baby a toy
locative alternation inizia ad imparare		jack sprayed the wall WITH paint/the table OF dishes
middle alternation inizia ad imparare		this book reads well
adding goal pp inizia ad imparare		John drove (to Paris)
understood reflexive object alternation inizia ad imparare		john shaves in the morning
agent inizia ad imparare		animate initiator
force inizia ad imparare		inanimate cause of an action
instrument inizia ad imparare		the means by which an event is caused
experiencer inizia ad imparare		the animate being affected inwardly
source inizia ad imparare		the place from which an action emnate
goal inizia ad imparare		the place to which or pwrson to whom an action is dorected
path inizia ad imparare		the path taken in moving from one place to another
location inizia ad imparare		the place at/in which or time at which an action occurs
possessor inizia ad imparare		the possessor of a thing
inalienable possession inizia ad imparare		Judy’s head
alienable possession inizia ad imparare		judys car
benefactive inizia ad imparare		the person/thing for which an action is performed
factitive inizia ad imparare		the object resulting from an action having no prior existence
patient inizia ad imparare		a person or thing affected by an action
patient inizia ad imparare		undergoes a change
theme inizia ad imparare		undergoes actiob transferred/moved
neutral inizia ad imparare		person/thing not changed but simply presented
range inizia ad imparare		specification/limitatiin of an action
role inizia ad imparare		a person playing a role/part in an action
direct object inizia ad imparare		who what
indirect object inizia ad imparare		to whom for whom
case frame inizia ad imparare		abstract specification of the thematic role possibilities for each predicate
predicates inizia ad imparare		relations or operations carried out on the participants
arguments inizia ad imparare		the participants
testing dynamism inizia ad imparare		ing
testing durativity inizia ad imparare		check po: for 10 minutes/until dawn
testing telicity inizia ad imparare		for 10 minutes, in 10 minutes
active voice subject inizia ad imparare		agent experiencer
passive voice subkect inizia ad imparare		patient/theme
passivisation inizia ad imparare		complemment becomes the subject
obligatory by phrase with: inizia ad imparare		follow, precede
the double object construction forces inizia ad imparare		the possessive relation
rules for how u interpret words and their combinations inizia ad imparare		semantics
rules for putting words together in phrases and sentences inizia ad imparare		syntax
the chemical composition of waterbis h2o inizia ad imparare		timeless statement
cicha woda brzegi rwie inizia ad imparare		Still waters run deep
i think inizia ad imparare		state
przeslanka, zlozenje inizia ad imparare		premise
I will inizia ad imparare		premise
I am inizia ad imparare		intention
i’m going to inizia ad imparare		strong intention
will you be going inizia ad imparare		asking about plans
will you go inizia ad imparare		request
I was meeting inizia ad imparare		the meeting started before
i have been very busy inizia ad imparare		still february, 0 nit completed
I had hoped inizia ad imparare		in the past
I was hoping inizia ad imparare		polite expression
has been placing inizia ad imparare		repeated action — keep doing it
has killed rabbits inizia ad imparare		no more rabbits
has been killing rabbits inizia ad imparare		some rabbits still
I didnt’t have time in the morning inizia ad imparare		no longer the morning
I haven’t had time in the morning inizia ad imparare		morning still
where has steve gone for his holiday inizia ad imparare		he is still on holidays
where has steve been going for inizia ad imparare		repeated action
where did steve go for inizia ad imparare		he is no longer there
rules of X’ syntax inizia ad imparare		rules for adding a complement, adjunct, specifier to a head
clause inizia ad imparare		sentence-elements or the parts sentences are built from
4 levels analyse inizia ad imparare		word level, phrase level, clause level, sentence level
syntactic units the rank scale inizia ad imparare		1.) sentence 2.) clause 3.) phrase 4.) word/lexical category
subordinate clause inizia ad imparare		embedded clause
subordinate/embeeded clause inizia ad imparare		clause within a main clause
that inizia ad imparare		conjunction/subordinator
sentence inizia ad imparare		independent unit of syntax
clause inizia ad imparare		may be dependent/independent
finite verb inizia ad imparare		verb inflected for tense and/or agreement
sentence are always inizia ad imparare		finite
subordinate clauses inizia ad imparare		finite/non-finite
finite verb forms inizia ad imparare		carry tense (and agreement)
if clauses inizia ad imparare		always finite
modal auxiliaries inizia ad imparare		finite verb forms
that clauses inizia ad imparare		always finite
bare infinitive inizia ad imparare		non-finite verb form
present participle inizia ad imparare		non-finite verb form
past participle inizia ad imparare		non-finite verb clause
to infinitive inizia ad imparare		non-finite verb clause
main sentence type inizia ad imparare		declarative, interrogative, imperative, exclamative
wh - order of declarative sen inizia ad imparare		when wh word corresponds to subject or complement of copula verb
imperative sentences inizia ad imparare		finite
exclamative sentence inizia ad imparare		initial wh word, do not display subject auxiliary inversion
dependent finite clauses form inizia ad imparare		that, if, wh
dependent finite clauses, syntactic functions inizia ad imparare		subject clauses, direct object claused, adjunct clauses
np as a direct object inizia ad imparare		I know (this book)
clause as a direct object inizia ad imparare		I know (that john will come)
Np as subject inizia ad imparare		(his phone-call) surprised me
clause as subject inizia ad imparare		(that john came) surprised me
finite adjunct clauses inizia ad imparare		I will repair it (when I return)
that clauses inizia ad imparare		cannot function as adjunctd
to inf as a direct object with an overt subject inizia ad imparare		Ann considers (Helen to be an excellent director)
to infinitive clauses as direct object without an overt subjct inizia ad imparare		Gary wants to leave
to inf clause as direct object with wh word inizia ad imparare		he forgot ehat to sat to the examiners
to infinite clause as a subjct with overt subject inizia ad imparare		(for u to park here) would be illigal
to inf clause as subject without overt subj inizia ad imparare		to park here is illegal
to inf clauses as adjuncts with an overt subject inizia ad imparare		(for marry to pass her driving test) she will need to takr many more lessons
to inf clauses as adjuncts without an overt subject inizia ad imparare		in order to/ so as to
bare infinitive clauses as adjunct inizia ad imparare		eather than, sooner than, NO OVERT SUabJECT
taxi inizia ad imparare		cab
ing participle as adjunct inizia ad imparare		(the streets being completrly deserted) Jackie preferred to take a cub
ing participle clause as adjunct without a sub of their oen inizia ad imparare		(working on his essay late), tom was quickly becoming tired
ed participle clause as adjunct with a subject of his owb inizia ad imparare		we were all excited (the plan sccepted by the government)
ed part clause as adjunct eithout subject of their oen inizia ad imparare		formulated clearly, thid dtatement will caude no problems
dusic sie inizia ad imparare		suffocate
function of claused complement of n inizia ad imparare		idea, information, command, suggestion, question
clause as a compømnt of AP inizia ad imparare		I sm (eager (to work with u))
clause complment of p inizia ad imparare		he is uncertain (pp about (what u said to me))
relative clauses adjuncts inizia ad imparare		restrictive = defining relative clause
restrictive(relative clauses) inizia ad imparare		info that is necessary for identifying the referent of the np
clauses as adjuncts inizia ad imparare		non restrictive = non-defining clauses
non-restrictive clauses inizia ad imparare		does not add further info that cobtributes to identifying the referent of np
non restrictive rel clauses inizia ad imparare		marked by commas
complementizers non- finite clauses inizia ad imparare		r introduced by FOR I want (for u to be happy)
that necessary inizia ad imparare		clause as subject/ complement
that required inizia ad imparare		if the clausal compøement is moved to the left
for required: inizia ad imparare		complement separated from the verb, pseudo clefts
for required in non-f if cl inizia ad imparare		has an overt subjects, functions as subject or adjunct
if whether as complmntizers inizia ad imparare		always obligatory!!!
if introduces inizia ad imparare		FINITE embeeded claused
Whether introduces inizia ad imparare		FINITE and NON-FINITE embedded clauses
lexical entry inizia ad imparare		1.) gram category 2.) argument structure 3.) thematic structure 4.) subcategorization frame
parts of speech inizia ad imparare		words
or, and, but = parts of speech inizia ad imparare		coordinators
that if part of speech inizia ad imparare		subordinator
your time is up inizia ad imparare		A
the balloons rose up to the sky inizia ad imparare		Adv
they live just up the street from us inizia ad imparare		P
the dog tore up the slipper inizia ad imparare		prt
major word classes inizia ad imparare		lexical categories
minor word classes inizia ad imparare		functional cat
kostka masla inizia ad imparare		a stick of butter
classifier with count noun inizia ad imparare		a heap of books
copular verbs inizia ad imparare		1 participant + 1 constituent
she got her hair wet inizia ad imparare		comolex transitive
participants inizia ad imparare		arguments
verbs inizia ad imparare		predicators
adjectives inizia ad imparare		* gradable * non-gradable
synthetic inflection for grade inizia ad imparare		old-older-oldedest
analytical inflection for grafe inizia ad imparare		beutiful - more beautiful
fairly inizia ad imparare		degree modifier / measure phrase
very, extremely, three years inizia ad imparare		degree modifier, measure phrase
very, rather, extremely inizia ad imparare		degree adverbs
A vs Adverbs inizia ad imparare		Adverbs do not combine with nouns in Attributive position
primary auxiliaries inizia ad imparare		have, be
dummy auxiliary inizia ad imparare		do
this/ that inizia ad imparare		demonstratives
determiners inizia ad imparare		articles, demonstratives, possessives
my his her inizia ad imparare		determiner
hers inizia ad imparare		pronoun
indefinite reference inizia ad imparare		specific/ unspecific
come round the corner inizia ad imparare		P
come roumd with some fresh air inizia ad imparare		adv
idle inizia ad imparare		próżnować, bezczynny
adjectives inizia ad imparare		4 subcategories
abstract to concrete inizia ad imparare		personality- a personality
mass to count inizia ad imparare		beer -> 2 beers
count to mass inizia ad imparare		1 garlic - the smell of garlic
one of the major types of morphologucal operations by which new words r formed inizia ad imparare		derivation
simple wirds= morphological simplexes inizia ad imparare		lexical items made of one morpheme
morph inizia ad imparare		free morph bound morph
free morph inizia ad imparare		root
affix inizia ad imparare		always a bound root
derivational affix inizia ad imparare		prefix/ suffix
simple word inizia ad imparare		1 free root
complex word inizia ad imparare		1 free root + 1/more bound morphs
compund word inizia ad imparare		2 free roots
compound - complex inizia ad imparare		2 free roots+ bound morphs
derivation inizia ad imparare		additiom of a word-forming afix
conversion inizia ad imparare		functional shift
functional shift inizia ad imparare		conversion
a combination of two or more free roots inizia ad imparare		compound
root creation inizia ad imparare		invention of an entirely new root morpheme
prefix inizia ad imparare		un, mis, over
suffix inizia ad imparare		er, ship, ful, ist
interfix inizia ad imparare		gramophone
infix inizia ad imparare		kangabloodyroo
circumfix inizia ad imparare		enliven
compouding inizia ad imparare		concatenation of at least two root morphemes
endocentric comp inizia ad imparare		kitchen chair
exocentric compound inizia ad imparare		pickpocket, redhead
appositional compund inizia ad imparare		woman doctor
conversion inizia ad imparare		empty (adj) -> to rmpty
clipping inizia ad imparare		fridge
blending inizia ad imparare		workoholic
acronymization inizia ad imparare		VIP
internal modification inizia ad imparare		iife-live, drip- drop, feed-food
borrowings inizia ad imparare		hamburger, pin, pit
borrowings from eng inizia ad imparare		spruce, britzka
* know the ansers źle bo inizia ad imparare		imperative require eventive verb + agent
know the anwers zle bo nie moze byc inizia ad imparare		stative verb, experiencer
only ... license purpose clauses inizia ad imparare		agent
what y did to x inizia ad imparare		y - agent/animate cause
bil liked the film inizia ad imparare		source
locative alternation. henry cleared dieshes from the table inizia ad imparare		henry cleared the table of dishes
john drove - john drove to paris inizia ad imparare		adding goal pp
john shaves in the morning inizia ad imparare		understood reflexive object alternation
this book reads easily inizia ad imparare		middle alternation
the situation types differ in inizia ad imparare		dynamism, durativity, trlicity
dynamic test inizia ad imparare		checking if predicate is compatible eith progressive aspect
state can be used in the progressive inizia ad imparare		if a state can be interpreted as temporary or the degree
durativity test inizia ad imparare		checking if predicate is compatible with pp like for 10 minutes/until dawn
the plane flee inizia ad imparare		atelic
she ate a bowl of rice inizia ad imparare		telic
she ate rice inizia ad imparare		atelic
telicy test inizia ad imparare		checking which temporal adverbial is compatible with the verbal predicate
telic situations test inizia ad imparare		in ten minutes
atelic situation test inizia ad imparare		fir ten minuted
pp measure in telic situations must measure inizia ad imparare		the duration of the situation
she opened the windows for 10 minutes inizia ad imparare		telic- pp measures the duration
the can will explode in 2 minutes inizia ad imparare		telic
twierdzic inizia ad imparare		to assert
* i think about my work now inizia ad imparare		think involves mental activity
progressive aspect with punctual events inizia ad imparare		only to express repetitions
the soldier was dying inizia ad imparare		lead to a punctual event
np as adjunct inizia ad imparare		yesterday/last year/ the minth before/this second
advP as adjunct inizia ad imparare		urgently, repeatedly, officially
pp as adjunct inizia ad imparare		in a rush
pp as adjunct inizia ad imparare		outdide London, in some ways, by the council
* john closed (carefully) the door inizia ad imparare		an adjunct cannot separate the verb from its direct object
adjuncts can stack inizia ad imparare		I saw the film (several times) (last year)
complements of prepositions inizia ad imparare		np, pp(out of love) clause uncertain about what you sais
complements of adjectives inizia ad imparare		pp - dependend on clause - eager to help
cpmplements of nouns inizia ad imparare		pp (specialisation in), clause -consideration whether, np linguistics student
intransitive verbs inizia ad imparare		not require a complement, may have adjuncts
intransitive verbs do not take a complement inizia ad imparare		william blushed
complements of verb inizia ad imparare		pp listentomusic, np/pp indirect objects hive my brother a present
complement of verbs inizia ad imparare		np - drink two glasses of, clause -confirm that...
happy inizia ad imparare		about/with
np adjunct inizia ad imparare		this week
pp adjunct inizia ad imparare		in the park
ap adjunct inizia ad imparare		very long
np complement inizia ad imparare		read(a book)
pp complement inizia ad imparare		rely (on mary)
ap cpmplement inizia ad imparare		be(very happy)
non-complements and non-adjuncts inizia ad imparare		specifiers
head alone inizia ad imparare		vp - take photos, ap -on the table
bracked diagram for the sentence inizia ad imparare		[tp[np the[ap little] monk ]...
the journalist interviewed in tuxedo inizia ad imparare		the journalist interwiewed him ib s tuxedo
the journalist interviewed in a tuxedo inizia ad imparare		clefting - this is an actor in a tucedo that intereiewed
constituent inizia ad imparare		phrase
the postman lost his keys yesterday constituents inizia ad imparare		he lost it then
how id the meaning determined? inizia ad imparare		passive, auciliary inversion
him, I don‘t like inizia ad imparare		topicalisation
but climp the rockets they never will inizia ad imparare		topicalisation
captain link was examined by the vet inizia ad imparare		passivisation
anna hit with pepper dpray some poor guy inizia ad imparare		heavy np shift
the x’schema inizia ad imparare		intermediate projection, intermediate projection, maximal projection
PS rules inizia ad imparare		generate hierarrchical structure
ps rules inizia ad imparare		tell us how to build phrases
structure building begins wirh the word category inizia ad imparare		the head of the structure
general schems inizia ad imparare		X‘ schema
X inizia ad imparare		head
YP inizia ad imparare		cpnstituent, comolement
X‘ inizia ad imparare		intermediate projection
RP inizia ad imparare		adjunct
ZP inizia ad imparare		specifier
X‘ inizia ad imparare		intermediate structure
english-head initial language inizia ad imparare		complements follow their heads
complement of the verb inizia ad imparare		object
*louise abandonedd inizia ad imparare		project is a complement, it is not omissible
the last constituent that can be merged in a phtlrase inizia ad imparare		specifier
complete phrase inizia ad imparare		a maximal projection of the head
specifier inizia ad imparare		right, straight, very, quite, her, the
the specifier of the sentence inizia ad imparare		subject
syntactic selection is referred to as inizia ad imparare		SUBCATEGORISATION
Endocentricity - phrases are endocentric inizia ad imparare		they r built around the head successively
head inizia ad imparare		the minimal projection
complements inizia ad imparare		expand x into x’
adjuncts inizia ad imparare		expand recursively x’ into x’
specifiers inizia ad imparare		expand x’ into xp
* but jim did so a magazine inizia ad imparare		substitution for the head alone impossible
ellipsis - substitution for np inizia ad imparare		but Jim is not
ellipsis constituemcy tests for vp inizia ad imparare		and nor will jay
the new teacher did inizia ad imparare		replacemrnt for entire vp
preposing = inizia ad imparare		topicalisation
* the spealer they know on the stge inizia ad imparare		no subpart of np moveable
topicalisation inizia ad imparare		the candidate came in for interview and highly intelligent she was indeed
topicalisation inizia ad imparare		the dy before the accident, they walked to the party
talk to him i never will inizia ad imparare		topicalistion
postponing inizia ad imparare		heavy np shift
they presented the speaker on the stage to millicent inizia ad imparare		heavy np shift
subj aux inverdion for dubject nps inizia ad imparare		was the mn with the scar singing songs in desperation?
clefting inizia ad imparare		it is his resignation that the chairman is handing in.
* what the tiger did at the gorilla was smile inizia ad imparare		no part of vp possible
coordinators inizia ad imparare		conjunctions
coordination inizia ad imparare		linking constituents to form larger structures (constituents)
coordination inizia ad imparare		phrases must be syntactically parallel
* lee went to the store and crazy inizia ad imparare		the parallelism allows elements of the same category
coordination involves inizia ad imparare		syntactic and semantic parallelism
black carno, king of sweden inizia ad imparare		only maximal projections/full phrases can occur as sentence fragments
tree and bracket diagrams inizia ad imparare		are representations of constituent structure
constituency tests inizia ad imparare		do sl, ellipsis, did, movement, heavy np shift, subject aux inversion, passive for nps
constituency tests inizia ad imparare		passive for np, clefting, pseudo clefting, coordinstion
verbs describing situations specify inizia ad imparare		whether they r relational or not
relations or operations carried out on the participants inizia ad imparare		predicate
1 place predicate inizia ad imparare		Frank is irish
2 place predicate inizia ad imparare		Diana left the gym
4 place predicate inizia ad imparare		he flew from ny to havana via miami
o place predicate inizia ad imparare		0 place predicates
semantic notions inizia ad imparare		1/2/3 place ptedicate
syntactic notions inizia ad imparare		intransitive/monotransitive/ditransitive
predicates nie tylko verbs tez inizia ad imparare		nouns, adjectives/adverbs, prep
* john is fond inizia ad imparare		2 place predicate - does not allow any arguments to be kmplicit
v envy inizia ad imparare		2 place predicate with 2 obligatory arguments
a envious inizia ad imparare		2 place predicate, one implicit
* they r at inizia ad imparare		at - 2 place predicate
* florence is between milan inizia ad imparare		between- 3 place predicate
nouns as predicated inizia ad imparare		Pauls analysy of the data was superfluous
adjectives as predicates inizia ad imparare		John is envious
prepositions as predicates inizia ad imparare		they r at the station
the bottlw contains alcohol inizia ad imparare		location
people filled the room inizia ad imparare		location
the man with the dog/ with brown hair inizia ad imparare		possessor
coach inizia ad imparare		kareta, powóz
the coast is clearch turned into a punpkin inizia ad imparare		factirive
the chicken was baked by me inizia ad imparare		patient
it costs a hundred dollars inizia ad imparare		range
it weights 80 kilograms inizia ad imparare		range
hum inizia ad imparare		nucić
he hummed a silly tune inizia ad imparare		range
he lived out his life happily inizia ad imparare		range
lexical representation of predicates inizia ad imparare		argument structure
weather predications inizia ad imparare		no referential argument, no thematic relation involved
subcategorisation inizia ad imparare		lets us encode the category of the complement of a lexical item
#my chocolate cake saw the phoneme inizia ad imparare		semantic selection
experiencer inizia ad imparare		encodes animate being
sentient inizia ad imparare		czujący
* john envies inizia ad imparare		out-argument and thematic structure violatiib and subcategorization restriction violation
* john is envious mary inizia ad imparare		out- violates subcategorization restriction of envious
# the car envious mary inizia ad imparare		semantically ill informed
rozwscieczyc inizia ad imparare		enrage
the child took the book off thr shelf inizia ad imparare		source
his leaving pleases me inizia ad imparare		source
the sun gives off heat inizia ad imparare		source
a caterpillar turns into the butterfly inizia ad imparare		source
i walked upstairs inizia ad imparare		goal
she did it for love inizia ad imparare		goal
path inizia ad imparare		over the mountains
along the raiload tracks inizia ad imparare		via
specifier inizia ad imparare		may be obligatory in the phrase
obligatory specifier inizia ad imparare		determiner
* this the book inizia ad imparare		specifoers don’t stuck
specifiers inizia ad imparare		r not mobile
impossibility of recurdion and immobility inizia ad imparare		so, rather
so, rather inizia ad imparare		det
utterly as adjunct inizia ad imparare		so utterly incompetent ok utterly so *
* he was completely so in the wrong inizia ad imparare		so- specifier of pp
right inizia ad imparare		determiner
specifier inizia ad imparare		precedes x’ in english
not inizia ad imparare		specifier of a negated vp
subjects in clauses inizia ad imparare		SPECIFIERS
obligatory determiners inizia ad imparare		det in NP, NP in TP
Specifier in NP inizia ad imparare		a/some/out/this
spec in vp inizia ad imparare		negation
specifier in ap inizia ad imparare		too, how, so
spec in advp inizia ad imparare		rather, too, so, this, that
specifier in pp inizia ad imparare		right, just, quite
specifoer in clause inizia ad imparare		NP
specifoer in clause inizia ad imparare		pp- under the stairs was a safe area
specifier in clause inizia ad imparare		clause- to be good... where to eat, why...
specofier in clause inizia ad imparare		ap restledd is what i would call him
advp specifier inizia ad imparare		cautiously is how i would suggedt u do it
spec ln clause inizia ad imparare		formal requirement of grammar, not slways interpretable
specifoer in clause inizia ad imparare		formal requirement, not always interpretable
spec in clause not always interpretable - there r two lions in the cage inizia ad imparare		if often rains in england, there r teo lions
it is late inizia ad imparare		it - not interpretable
the specifier of T inizia ad imparare		question tags as a pronoun
the final element added in a phrase inizia ad imparare		specifier
every phrase has 3 levels of structure inizia ad imparare		x, x’, x’’
never inizia ad imparare		spec of vp
spec of ap inizia ad imparare		HOW nice
a juvenile inizia ad imparare		nieletni
a private inizia ad imparare		szeregowy
a natural inizia ad imparare		naturszczyk
a daily inizia ad imparare		dziennik
herd inizia ad imparare		tłum, stado
your time is up inizia ad imparare		A
the balloons rose up to the sky inizia ad imparare		adv
the dog tore up the slipper inizia ad imparare		prt
they live just up the street from us inizia ad imparare		adv
would you write your adress down for me inizia ad imparare		prt
he ran down the stairs inizia ad imparare		P
he looked down because he was embarassed inizia ad imparare		adv
dummy auxiliary inizia ad imparare		do
primary auxiliaries inizia ad imparare		have, be
vis inizia ad imparare		potęga, siła
monotheism root inizia ad imparare		THE
syntactic pattern inizia ad imparare		V+ N+ er>N
hover inizia ad imparare		unosic sie
pług inizia ad imparare		plow
drip inizia ad imparare		kapać
clean-cut inizia ad imparare		wyrazisty
badmouth inizia ad imparare		obgadywac
cranapple inizia ad imparare		semantically opaque
neologizm inizia ad imparare		literary coinage
canary od canary islands inizia ad imparare		commonization
split adjective inizia ad imparare		an adverb placed between to and the verb makes a split infinitive
constituency tests inizia ad imparare		wh fronting -what, ommission
words that combine with nouns inizia ad imparare		determiners
idles inizia ad imparare		3 rd sg pres inflectional form
idled inizia ad imparare		past tense form
adjectives subcategorisation inizia ad imparare		adjectives dividen into fojr subcatrgories
recategorisatiin abstract to concrete inizia ad imparare		personality -> a personality
mass to count recategorisation inizia ad imparare		beer/2 beers
count to mass recategorisation inizia ad imparare		1 garlic/ the smell of garlic
Proper to common recategorisstion inizia ad imparare		einstain -> an einstein
constituent inizia ad imparare		a wird that functions as a single unit within a hierarchical structure
semantics inizia ad imparare		rules for how u interpret words and their combinations
syntax inizia ad imparare		rules for putting words together in phrases and sentencess
* a jously husband inizia ad imparare		adverbs do not combine with nouns in attributive position
* he became jealously inizia ad imparare		adverbs do not combine with nouns in predicative position
AP inizia ad imparare		completely dry
different types of words inizia ad imparare		1.) simple tree 2.) complex 3.) compound
kieszonkowiec inizia ad imparare		a pickpocket
ing czesc mowy inizia ad imparare		gerund
yourself inizia ad imparare		pronoun
another inizia ad imparare		pronoun
drip->drop, sell-sale, bent - bend inizia ad imparare		internal modification, breath-breathe
potega sila inizia ad imparare		vis
invisibly root inizia ad imparare		vis
what inizia ad imparare		PRONOUN
so inizia ad imparare		CONJUNCTION
declarative inizia ad imparare		statement of fact/assertion
interrogative inizia ad imparare		question
imperative inizia ad imparare		directive
exclamative inizia ad imparare		exclamation
aspect inizia ad imparare		progressive, non-progressive, perdfective
refuction inizia ad imparare		by ellipsis/ by pro-form
reduction by ellipsis inizia ad imparare		I would like to go with u but Ucant
reduction by pro-form inizia ad imparare		was he arrested? Im afraid SO
pro-forms: one, other inizia ad imparare		there r not probouns-pron cant be used with determiners!
clause reduction inizia ad imparare		the entire clause is reduced to the proforms this that and it
this inizia ad imparare		clausal prp-form
it inizia ad imparare		clausal proform
topicalization inizia ad imparare		a post-verbal constituent is in the sentence initial position
left dislocation inizia ad imparare		a constituent is displaved from its basic position to the sentence initial position, leaves a pronominal copy
passive inizia ad imparare		construction that enables the object of verb to become the topic
focaliztion inizia ad imparare		movement to the left to mark focus/contrast
focalization inizia ad imparare		10 years we lived there
focalization inizia ad imparare		that bowl we got in Italy. the other...
it cleft inizia ad imparare		the message is split into two parts(it is ...-> focused)
pseudo-cleft inizia ad imparare		the message is split into two parts. that ...-> focused firegrounded
driven movements to the right inizia ad imparare		extraposition, sub-v inversion, heavy np shift, there insertion, right dislocation
right dislocation inizia ad imparare		the reverse of left dislocation
right dislocation inizia ad imparare		a sentence with additional np which is reffered to a pronoun inside the main sentence
right dislocation inizia ad imparare		the right dislocated constituent is focused
heavy np shift inizia ad imparare		heavy np moved to the right end position in accordance with the heaviness principle
heavy np inizia ad imparare		long/complex np
extraposition feom np inizia ad imparare		relative clause/adjunct moves to the sentence final position
extraoosition feom np inizia ad imparare		six women appeared with yellow hats
restrictions on extraposition from np inizia ad imparare		possible with clauses containing intransitive verbs
it extraposition inizia ad imparare		the displced subject or object leaves it in the positiom from which it moved rightward to the sentence final position
it extraposition inizia ad imparare		that...- new info
2 it extraposition constructions inizia ad imparare		displacing the subject, displacing the object
it extraposition restrictions inizia ad imparare		the extraposed constituent must be a clause or a gerund
restriction on it-extraposition inizia ad imparare		a clause in the subject position must correspond to given information, if not sub extraposition is obligatory
it extraposition complex transitive verbs - complement clause inizia ad imparare		it - obligatory
subject verb inversion inizia ad imparare		the subject is inverted with the dependent of the verb
subject - verb inversion inizia ad imparare		the inverted subject introduces new information
subject verb inversion inizia ad imparare		on her desk was a bowl of fruit
sub verb inversion restriction inizia ad imparare		if the subject is old inf and the dependent is new there is no inversion
there insertion inizia ad imparare		pronoun there isin the subject position in so-called existential or presentstional clauses
there insertion inizia ad imparare		lexical subject is is presented as new to the sddressee
there insertion restrivction inizia ad imparare		copular verb/ any other that can serve asthe subject of that verb
there -insertion + adjectival predicate inizia ad imparare		adjective must describe some non-pernament property
restrictions on there insertion inizia ad imparare		definite nps impossible
reduction inizia ad imparare		by ellipsis/ by pro-form
clause reduction inizia ad imparare		the entire clause is reduced to the pro-forms this, that, it
vp reduction inizia ad imparare		vp may be omitted, do so/that is used as a pro-form replacing the vp
vp reduction inizia ad imparare		she suggestedthat i should sell the house but i dont want to DO THAT yet
restrictiona on vp reduction inizia ad imparare		vp ellipsis is possible obly if what is omitted is the entire vp
the subject of the sentence inizia ad imparare		given info, topic
the predicate of the sentence inizia ad imparare		new info, comment
topic inizia ad imparare		what an uterrance is about
comment inizia ad imparare		what is said about the topic
contrast inizia ad imparare		the information is in contrast to another entity
contrast marked by inizia ad imparare		only/rather
topicalisation= fronting inizia ad imparare		movement of a word, phrssclause to the beginning of the sentence
fronting= topicalisation inizia ad imparare		the fronted wlement becomes topic, info at the end of the sentence focused
left dislocation inizia ad imparare		moves aword, phrase, clause at the. eginning of the sentence, but it leaves the pronominal copy of the fronted element
left-dislocation inizia ad imparare		reintroduce the GIVEN info, this info becomes TOPIC
cleft sentence inizia ad imparare		clefted element— new info, comment
pseudocleft inizia ad imparare		new info, focus to the end of the sentence
passive inizia ad imparare		the object becomes the subject - give. info/topic
extraposition from np inizia ad imparare		kovement of the relative clause ot other rlement modyfyibg element out to the end of the senyence
declarative sentence basic word order inizia ad imparare		S V(aux) O
the notiona that have a role in the availability of syntactic variants in situational context inizia ad imparare		contrast, givenness/newness
given information inizia ad imparare		information that is known to the interlocutor
new information inizia ad imparare		focal information
new information inizia ad imparare		focus/focal information
new information inizia ad imparare		information that is not shared by interlocutors
syntax informtion structure inizia ad imparare		given materiaö comes before the new material
active voice inizia ad imparare		not restricted by the constraintson info pckaging
passive voice inizia ad imparare		constrained by information structure considerationd
odpowiednik inizia ad imparare		counterpart
zrozumienie inizia ad imparare		consideration
it cleft, pseudo cleft inizia ad imparare		fronting forfocus reasons
indefinite object drop inizia ad imparare		drink
Dative construction inizia ad imparare		double object construction
double object construction, datuv alternation inizia ad imparare		bring
benefactive alternation inizia ad imparare		buy
middle alternation inizia ad imparare		cut
causative/inochative inizia ad imparare		melt
locative alternation inizia ad imparare		locative
locative alternation inizia ad imparare		splsh (on->with)
niezgodny, nie dajacy sie pogpdzic inizia ad imparare		incompatible
elapse inizia ad imparare		upływać (time)
i think...... is... inizia ad imparare		think=hold an opinion, state
I am thinking about... now inizia ad imparare		thinks= mental activity
he was hitting the table inizia ad imparare		express reperition of punctual events
the soldier was dying inizia ad imparare		preparatory situation leading up to a punctual point
they were reaching the summit when... inizia ad imparare		the preparatory situation leading up to a punctual event
generoc statements inizia ad imparare		beavers build dams
timeless statements inizia ad imparare		two plus two is four
gnomoc(proverbial sentence) inizia ad imparare		haste makes waste
plot summary inizia ad imparare		Hamlet dies...
future statement inizia ad imparare		we leave tomorrow
instantenlus commentary inizia ad imparare		he shoots. he scores
reporting info inizia ad imparare		the wheater forecast says that...
punctual verbs inizia ad imparare		tap, kick, flash
copula v inizia ad imparare		remain
ditransitive inizia ad imparare		ask
prepositional verb inizia ad imparare		look after
shifts in meaning -passive inizia ad imparare		every schoolboy knows... one joke at least...
passive shifts in meaning inizia ad imparare		John cannot do it vs it cant be done
get passive inizia ad imparare		interest on the s and what happened to it
inflection gor grade 1 forma old inizia ad imparare		absolute
the information associated with the word in the mental lexicin inizia ad imparare		lexical entry
direct object inizia ad imparare		np/clause
license purpose clauses inizia ad imparare		only agent
complementizers - finite inizia ad imparare		that, wherher
complementizers non finite inizia ad imparare		for

descriptive grammar

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