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Read the text about how trends spread. What is the main idea of the text? inizia ad imparare
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Main idea: that the best way to explain a trend is as something that spreads like an epidemic or virus.
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inizia ad imparare
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and find the words that complete the phrases in bold.
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When trends suddenly become popular, they take (?) inizia ad imparare
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When trends suddenly become popular, they take off. take off: Increase fast in success/popularity
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When a product goes out of fashion, it has lost its (?). inizia ad imparare
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When a product goes out of fashion, it has lost its appeal.
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One way that fashions spread is they capture the (?). inizia ad imparare
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One way that fashions spread is they capture the imagination. they capture the imagination
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When people identify with something, it strikes a (?) people identify with something inizia ad imparare
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When people identify with something, it strikes a chord.
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When a product or trend is suddenly popular, we say it become the latest (?) inizia ad imparare
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When a product or trend is suddenly popular, we say it become the latest thing. it becomes the latest thing (can also say craze)
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When something is popular for just a short time, we say it's just a passing (?) popular for just a short time inizia ad imparare
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When something is popular for just a short time, we say it's just a passing trend/fad. it's just passing trend (can also say fad)
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When there is more of something now than before, we say the number has (?) there is more of something now than before inizia ad imparare
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When there is more of something now than before, we say the number has risen.
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When something becomes trendy because people tell each other about it, it spreads by word of (?) something becomes trendy because people tell each other about it inizia ad imparare
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When something becomes trendy because people tell each other about it, it spreads by word of mouth. it spreads by word of mouth
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Listen to people describing how two trends started inizia ad imparare
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and answer the questions.
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What trends do they talk about? inizia ad imparare
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wearing trousers below the hip, and showing underwear; reality TV shows
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How did the trends started? A trend that started in prison a few years ago, may as well earn you a place in prison nowadays. Now isn't that ironic? inizia ad imparare
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in US prisons, because belts weren't allowed; early programmes in the 1970s and 80s.
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How/Why did the trends spread? inizia ad imparare
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through rappers such as Ice T; through programmes such as Big Brother and Pop Idol.
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Read the expressions below inizia ad imparare
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for describing cause and effect
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cause | informal and neutral inizia ad imparare
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it all started... it originated in/from... it's because of...
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inizia ad imparare
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it has its origins/roots in... it can be traced back/attributed to... it stems from...
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effect | informal and neutral inizia ad imparare
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it led to... it has caused... Because of this...
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inizia ad imparare
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it resulted in... it gave rise to... it brought about...
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The Second World War gave (?) to the term "The First World War". Impossible? No. It's all because "retronym". inizia ad imparare
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The Second World War gave rise to the term "The First World War". Impossible? No. It's all because "retronym".
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A "retronym" is a word invented for an object/concept whose original name has gone out of date. inizia ad imparare
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Retronyms are invented because new developments change the way we perceive the world.
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The term "The First World War" can be traced (?) to 1939. inizia ad imparare
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The term "The First World War" can be traced back to 1939.
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Before that date, nobody knew there would be a World War II, inizia ad imparare
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and World War I had, until then, been called "The Great War".
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Another example is the guitar. inizia ad imparare
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All guitars used to be acoustic.
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The invention of the electric guitar (?) to the term "acoustic guitar". inizia ad imparare
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The invention of the electric guitar led to the term "acoustic guitar".
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Similarly, nobody said "black and white TV" before the invention of colour TV (?) in the need for the term. (developed/resulted/traced) inizia ad imparare
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Similarly, nobody said "black and white TV" before the invention of colour TV resulted in the need for the term.
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Many retronyms (?) from modern technology. inizia ad imparare
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Many retronyms stem from modern technology.
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The invention of laptops brought (?) the term "desktop computer" inizia ad imparare
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The invention of laptops brought about the term "desktop computer"
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and the proliferation of mobile phones resulted (?) the word "landline". inizia ad imparare
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and the proliferation of mobile phones resulted in the word "landline".
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The word "retronym" is (?) to Frank Mankiewicz, an American journalist. (attributed/given/caused) inizia ad imparare
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The word "retronym" is attributed to Frank Mankiewicz, an American journalist.
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Rewrite the sentences using the words in brackets. inizia ad imparare
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Change the verb tenses as necessary.
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Reggae comes from Jamaica. inizia ad imparare
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Reggae has its roots in Jamaica.
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The Mohican haircut, in the UK, was originally from the punk era. inizia ad imparare
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The Mohican haircut, in the UK, has its origins in the punk era.
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Technology has led to new types of crime, such as hacking. inizia ad imparare
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Technology has given rise to new types of crime, such as hacking.
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Some say football started in China. inizia ad imparare
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Some say football can be traced back to China.
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Global warming is the reason for many recent environment disasters. inizia ad imparare
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Global warming has caused/is the cause of many recent environment disasters. The new study predicted that heatwaves, cold snaps, bushfires, droughts, floods and windstorms would rise exponentially.
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Better healthcare and diet, plus fewer babies per family, mean the population is ageing. inizia ad imparare
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Because of better healthcare and diet, plus fewer babies per family, the population is ageing.
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The rising number of female world leaders can be attributed to the women's liberation movement. inizia ad imparare
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The rising number of female world leaders stems from the women's liberation movement.
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The growth in online publishing has necessitated new laws. inizia ad imparare
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The growth in online publishing has lead to new laws.
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It's thought that chess began in India over a thousand years ago. inizia ad imparare
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It's thought that chess originated in India over a thousand years ago.
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Medical procedures for disfigured soldiers led to the development of cosmetic surgery. inizia ad imparare
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Medical procedures for disfigured soldiers resulted in the development of cosmetic surgery.
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Look at the expresions in the box. When do you think we usually use these expressions? What is their purpose? So overall,... To sum up,... All in all,... Basically,... in conclusion,... So what I'm really saying is,... inizia ad imparare
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We usually use these expressions at the end of a long "turn" or the end of a setion of speech. The purpose is to summarise what has been said.
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Which expressions did the speakers in Exercise 3 A use? inizia ad imparare
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Basically, ...; So what I'm really saying is,...
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