wdj 2

morphemes

minimal unit of meaning or grammatical function

free morphemes

can stand alone as single words

lexical morphemes

ordinary nouns, adjectives and verbs which we think of the words which carry the content of messages we convey (open class of words)

functional morphemes

functional words in the language (conjunctions, prepositions, articles, pronouns)

derivational morphemes

used to make new words in the language, often used to make words of a different grammatical category from the stem

inflectional morphemes

not used to produce new words in the eng. Lang. but rather to indicate aspects of the grammatical function of a word

morphs

the actual forms used to realize morphemes

allomorphs

the actual forms of morphs which result from the single single morpheme "plural" turn out to be different

reduplication

repetition device as a mean of inflectional markingp

articulatory phonetics

the stud. of how speech sounds are made or articulated

acoustic phon.

it deals with the physical properties of speech as sound waves in the air

auditory phon.

deals with the reception, via the ear, of speech sounds

forensic phon.

it is dealing with the identification of the speaker and the analysis of recorded utterances

consonants

place of articulation, where the sound is made

(cons.) bilabials

the sound formed using both upper and lower lips

(cons.) labiodentals

the sounds formed with the upper teeth and the lower lip

(cons.) dentals

the sounds formed with the tongue tip behind the upper front teeth

(cons.) alveolars

the sounds formed with the front part of the palate, near the alveolar ridge

(cons.) alveo-palatals

the sounds produced with the tongue at the very front of the palate, near the alveolar ridge

(cons.) velars

the sounds produced with the back of the tongue, against the velum

(cons.) glottal

the sounds produced without the active use of the tongue and other parts of the month, the sound is produced at the larynx (glottis - the space between the vocal cords)

(manner of arti.) stops

the sounds produced by some form of "complete stopping" of airstream and then letting it go abruptly

(manner of arti.) fricatives

the sound produced by almost blocking the airstream, and having the air push through the narrow opening as the air is pushed through, a type of friction is produced

(manner of arti.) affricates

the sounds produced by combining brief stopping of the airstream with an obstructed release which causes some friction

(manner of arti.) nasal

the sounds produced by lowering the velum and the airstream is allowed to flow out through the nose

(manner of arti.) approximants

articulation of these sounds is strongly influenced by the following vowel sound

(manner of arti.) glides

the sounds produced with the tongue moving to or from the position of a nearby vowel

(manner of arti.) liquids

the s. formed by letting the airstream flow around the sides of the tongue as it makes contact with the alveolar ridge

(manner of arti.) glottal stops

it occurs when the space between the vocal cords is closed completely, very briefly, and then realized

(manner of arti.) flap

the sounds produced by the tongue tip being thrown against the alveolar ridge for an instant

vowels

they are produced with a relatively free flow of air, they are typically voiced, front versus a back and a high versus a low area

dipthongs

combined vowel sounds which contain two different sounds, they begin with a vowel sound and with a glide

phonology

the description of the systems and patterns of speech sounds in a language

phonology permits a speaker

(to->,) produce sounds that form meaningful utterances, recognize a foreign accent, make up new words, form plurals or past tenses

phonemes

meaning, distinguishing sounds in a language, functions contrastively

phones and allomorphs

different versions of a sound type