Unit 4

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volcano
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a mountain with a large hole at the top, through which lava is sometimes forced out
desert
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a large area of land where it is always very dry, and there is a lot of sand
mountain range
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a group of mountains or hills, usually in a line
tropical
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coming from or existing in the hottest parts of the world
penguin
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a black and white sea bird, which cannot fly but uses its wings for swimming.
seal
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a large sea animal that eats fish and lives around coasts
polar bear
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a large white bear that lives near the North Pole
South Pole
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the most southern point on the surface of the Earth
expedition
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a long and carefully organised journey, especially to a dangerous or unfamiliar place, or the people that make this journey
survive
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to continue to live after an accident, war, or illness
battle
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to try very hard to achieve something that is difficult or dangerous
nature
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everything in the physical world that is not controlled by humans, such as wild plants and animals, earth and rocks, and the weather
record
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the fastest speed, longest distance, highest or lowest level etc. that has ever been achieved or reached, especially in sport
break a record
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to do better or be greater than an existing record
mentally
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relating to the mind and thinking, or happening only in the mind
physically
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in relation to your body rather than your mind or emotions
fit
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someone who is fit is strong and healthy, especially because they exercise regularly
route
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a way from one place to another
run out of
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to use all of something and not have any more left
doubt
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to think that something may not be true or that it is unlikely
leader
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the person who directs or controls a group, organisation, country etc.
ambition
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a strong desire to achieve something
bravery
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actions, behaviour, or an attitude that shows courage and confidence
get your head round
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to be able to understand something
come face to face with
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if you come face to face with something difficult, you experience it and have to deal with it
put your foot in it
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to say something without thinking carefully, so that you embarrass or upset someone
see eye to eye
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if two people see eye to eye, they agree with each other
catch somebody's eye
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to attract someone's attention and make them look at something
keep an eye on
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to look after someone or something and make sure that they are safe
keep a straight face
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to not laugh or smile, even though something is funny
get cold feet
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to suddenly feel that you are not brave enough to do something you planned to do
can't face
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can't faceif you can’t face something, you feel unable to do it because it seems too unpleasant or difficult
put your foot down
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to say very firmly that someone must do something or must stop doing something
review
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to write a short article describing and judging a new book, film, experience etc.
veteran
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someone who has had a lot of experience of a particular activity
polar
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close to or relating to the North Pole or the South Pole
descendant
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someone who is related to a person who lived a long time ago, or to a family, group of people etc. that existed in the past
compass
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an instrument that shows directions and has a needle that always points north
marathon
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a long running race of about 26 miles or (42 kilometres)
hell
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a place or situation in which people suffer very much, either physically or emotionally
navigation
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the science or job of planning which way you need to go when you are travelling from one place to another
endure
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to be in a difficult or painful situation for a long time without complaining
spare
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to not damage or harm someone or something, even though other people or things are being damaged
crevasse
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a deep open crack in the thick ice on a mountain
plateau
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a large area of flat land that is higher than the land around it
glacier
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a large mass of ice which moves slowly down a mountain valley
climax
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the most exciting or important part of a story or experience, which usually comes near the end
inspiring
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giving people a feeling of excitement and a desire to do something great
memorable
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very good, enjoyable, or unusual, and worth remembering
relief
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a feeling of comfort when something frightening, worrying, or painful, has ended or has not happened
reputation
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the opinion that people have about someone or something because of what has happened in the past
hero
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someone who is admired for doing something extremely brave
shipwrecked
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if someone is shipwrecked, they are in a boat or ship when it is destroyed in an accident
set off
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to start to go somewhere
cabin cruiser
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a large motorboat with one or more cabins for people to sleep in
sail
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to travel on or across an area of water in a boat or ship
blow up
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if bad weather blows up, it suddenly arrives
launch
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to start something, usually something big and important
noodle
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a long thin piece of food made from a mixture of flour, water, and eggs, usually cooked in soup or boiling water
ashore
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on or towards the shore of a lake, river, sea etc.
life guard
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someone whose job at a beach or swimming pool is to help swimmers who are in danger
shelter
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a building or an area with a roof over it that protects you from the weather or from danger
bare
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not covered up
raft
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a flat floating structure, usually made of pieces of wood tied together, used as a boat
fishing rod
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a long thin pole with a string and a hook attached to it, used to catch fish
in the wild
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in natural and free conditions, not kept or controlled by people
threat
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someone or something that is regarded as a possible danger
shock
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a medical condition in which someone looks pale and their heart and lungs are not working correctly, usually after a sudden very unpleasant experience
frostbite
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a condition caused by extreme cold, that makes your fingers and toes swell, become darker, and sometimes fall off
hypothermia
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a serious medical condition caused by extreme cold
panic
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to suddenly feel so frightened that you cannot think clearly or behave sensibly, or to make someone do this
faint
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to suddenly become unconscious for a short time
incident
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an event, especially one that is unusual, important or violent
multiple
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many or involving many things, people, events etc.
deafness
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the condition of being physically unable to hear anything or unable to hear well
variation
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a difference between similar things, or a change from the usual amount or form of something
soaking
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very wet
dense
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difficult to see through or breathe
torrential rain
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very heavy rain
freeze
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to stop moving suddenly and stay completely still and quiet
storm out of
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to leave somewhere in a noisy, fast way that shows you are extremely angry
like lightning
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if you move like lightning you move extremely quickly
be icy with
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if you are icy with someone you show that you feel annoyed with or unfriendly towards them
cloud over
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if someone's face or eyes cloud over, they start to look angry or sad
a face like thunder
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a very angry expression
avalanche
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a large mass of snow, ice, and rocks that falls down the side of a mountain
warning
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something, especially a statement, that tells you that something bad, dangerous, or annoying might happen
instant
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happening immediately
curl up
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to move so that you are lying or sitting with your arms and legs bent close to your body
packed
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containing a lot of a particular type of thing
lose it
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to become very angry and upset
be out of your mind
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to be stupid or crazy
upside down
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with the top at the bottom and the bottom at the top
over the moon
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very happy
drown
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to die from being underwater for too long
tremendous
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very big, fast, powerful etc.
pitch
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a black sticky substance that is used on roofs, the bottoms of ships etc. to stop water coming through
violent
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happening with a lot of force
anxious
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worried about something
despairing
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a feeling that you have no hope at all
unbearable
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too unpleasant, painful, or annoying to deal with
vision
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the idea of what you think something should be like
grab
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to take hold of someone or something with a sudden or violent movement
rail
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a bar that is fastened along or around something, for safety or to restrict movement
afloat
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floating on water
vividly
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if you remember something vividly, you remember it very clearly
tornado
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an extremely violent storm consisting of air that spins very quickly and causes a lot of damage
twister
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[American English] tornado: an extremely violent storm made up of air that spins very quickly and causes a lot of damage
goods
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things which are carried by road, train etc.
howl
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a loud high sound made by the wind blowing
shudder
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to shake violently
trailer
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a vehicle that can be pulled behind a car, used for living and sleeping in
snap
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to break with a sudden sharp noise
consciousness
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the condition of being awake and able to understand what is happening around you
end up
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to be in a particular situation, state, or place after a series of events, especially when you did not plan it
concussion
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a small amount of damage to the brain that makes you lose consciousness or feel sick for a short time, usually caused by something hitting your head.
lung
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one of the two organs in your body that you breathe with
cracked
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something that is cracked has one or more lines on its surface because it is damaged but not completely broken
rib
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one of the 12 pairs of curved bones that surround your chest.
shattered
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broken into very small pieces
surgeon
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a doctor who does operations in a hospital
sew
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to use a needle and thread to make or repair something
drizzle
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if it is drizzling, light rain and mist come out of the sky
lightning
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a powerful flash of light in the sky caused by electricity and usually followed by thunder
dull ache
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a dull ache or pain is not severe but does not stop
skid
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if a vehicle or wheel skids, it suddenly slides sideways and you cannot control it
emergency
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an unexpected and dangerous situation that must be dealt with immediately
unsuccessful
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not having a successful result or not achieving what you wanted to achieve
discouraged
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no longer having the confidence you need to continue doing something
impossible
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something that is impossible cannot happen or be done
misunderstand
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to fail to understand someone or something correctly
advantage
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something that helps you to be more successful than others, or the state of having this
disadvantage
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something that causes problems, or that makes someone or something less likely to be successful or effective
misread
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to read something incorrectly
likely
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something that is likely to happen will probably happen or is probably true
unlikely
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not likely to happen
impatient
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annoyed because of delays, someone else's mistakes etc.
regular
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normal or usual
irregular
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not happening at the normal time for doing something
incapable
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not able to do something
heatstroke
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fever and weakness caused by being outside in the heat of the sun for too long
dizzy
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feeling unable to stand steadily, for example because you are looking down from a great height or because you are ill

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