Roadmap

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make the effort
I felt too tired to go to a party, but decided to make the effort.
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to do something that requires some effort
give somebody a nudge
We’re trying to ɡive them a nudge towards a practical solution.
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to gently persuade or encourage someone to take a particular decision or action
take a look at something
Have you had a chance to take a look at my proposal yet?
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to examine somethinɡ and think about it
do some team building
The sales department are going to spend next weekend in the mountains doing some team building.
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to carry out activities to encouraɡe a group of people who have been chosen to work together to become more effective and communicate well
go on a search for something
You go on a search for something to eat while I make a fire.
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to attempt to find something
get some exercise
Working in an office, it’s hard to find time to get some exercise.
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to do physical activities in order to stay healthy and become stronger
hold a race
The race around the island will be held on 25th February.
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to compete to run, drive etc. fastest and finish first
go for a hike
We went for a hike up the mountain.
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to take a long walk in the mountains or countryside
have a chat
We were just having a chat when the fire alarm went off.
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to hold an informal friendly conversation
have a lie-down
I’m going upstairs to have a lie-down.
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to have a short rest, usually on a bed
have a well-earned rest
Sit down and have a well-earned rest. I’ll make you a cup of tea.
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to have a relaxing break that you deserve because you have worked hard
have a sit down
You look as if you need to have a sit down.
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if you have a sit down, you sit and rest for a short while
point (sth/sb) out
If you see her, please point her out to me. The tour guide pointed out the inscription that runs round the inside of the dome.
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to make a person notice someone or something, sometimes by holding up one of your fingers towards him, her, or it:
point sth out
He was planning to book a rock-climbing holiday, till I pointed out that Denis is afraid of heights. I feel I should point out how dangerous it is.
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to tell someone about some information, often because you believe they do not know it or have forgotten it:
go for a run
She usually goes for a run before breakfast.
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to spend a period of time running
go on a teambuilding course
We went on a teambuilding course as part of our management training.
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to attend lessons in encouraɡing a group of people who have been chosen to work together to become more effective and communicate well
go for a stroll
We often go for a stroll in the park in our lunch break.
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to walk somewhere in a slow relaxed way
give someone help
Do you want me to give you some help?
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to make it easier or possible for someone to do something
give someone a break
They’ve been working since seven o’clock this morning. We need to give them a break.
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to allow someone to stop doing something for a period of time before they start doing it again
give someone a warm welcome
His colleagues gave him a very warm welcome when he returned to work.
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to greet someone in a friendly way when they arrive at a place
get some fresh air
I’ve been in a meeting for three hours. I need to get some fresh air.
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to breathe some air from outside, especially clean air
get people talking
The conference started with a short film to get people talking.
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to encourage or persuade people to talk to each other
get the benefits of something
To get the benefits of the exercise, you should continue for at least half an hour.
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to enjoy the advantages of something
hold a welcome meeting
All players should attend the welcome meeting for the visiting team at their hotel.
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to have a meeting to greet people
hold a singing competition
Each year the school holds a singing competition.
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to organise an event where people try to be the best at singing
hold a feedback session
My tutor holds at least three feedback sessions every term.
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to have a meeting where advice, criticism etc. is given about how successful or useful something is
make a contribution
I’d like everyone to make a contribution towards the discussion.
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to give or do something in order to help something be successful
make a success of something
She’s determined to make a success of her career.
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to be successful in something
make a statement
The minister will make a statement on the floods tomorrow.
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to say something, especially in public
do some rock-climbing
We’re hoping to do some rock climbing while we’re in Peru.
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to do the sport of climbing up very steep rock surfaces such as the sides of mountains
do plenty of preparation
You’ll need to do plenty of preparation for your kayaking trip in Norway.
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to prepare carefully for something
do someone good
A bit more exercise would do you good.
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to have a useful effect on someone
take the initiative
Why don’t you take the initiative and organise the conference yourself?
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if you take the initiative, you make decisions and take action without waiting for someone to tell you what to do
take the lead
Our school took the lead in using green energy – and encouraged all the other local schools to do the same.
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to be the first to start doing something or be most active in doing something
take something into consideration
We will take your recent illness into consideration when marking your exams.
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to remember to think about something important when you are making a decision or judgement
break down barriers
The talks were meant to break down barriers between the two groups.
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to improve understanding and communication between people who have different opinions:
unleash
But if we make the effort to break down the barriers between us, it unleashes boundless potential in each of us.
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to suddenly release a violent force that cannot be controlled:
push somebody beyond their comfort zone
Rock climbing pushes many people beyond their comfort zones.
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a situation in which you feel comfortable and in which your ability and determination are not being tested:
priceless
A priceless collection of vases was destroyed. Her knowledge and experience would make her a priceless (= extremely useful) asset to the team
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A priceless object has such a high value, especially because it is rare, that the price of it cannot be calculated:
integrate
He seems to find it difficult to integrate socially. It's very difficult to integrate yourself into a society whose culture is so different from your own. Children are often very good at integrating into a new culture.
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to mix with and join society or a group of people, often changing to suit their way of life, habits, and customs:
handful
She invited all her friends to her party, but only a handful of them turned up.
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a small number of people or things (a few)
have a thick skin
You need to have a thick skin if you work in customer service.
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to not care if people criticise you or do not like you
drive someone up the wall
That noise is driving me up the wall.
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to make someone very angry or annoyed
bite your tongue
I wanted to argue, but I had to bite my tongue.
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to stop yourself saying something because you know it would not be sensible to say it
get under someone’s skin
What really gets under my skin is people who push straight to the front of the queue.
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if someone gets under your skin, they annoy you, especially by the way they behave
let off steam
We took the children to the park so they could let off steam before the long car journey.
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to get rid of your anger, excitement or energy in a way that does not harm anyone by doing something active
lash out
Anderson lashed out at the media.
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to suddenly speak angrily to someone or criticise someone angrily
bottle something up
It is far better to cry than to bottle up your feelings.
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to deliberately not allow yourself to show a strong feeling or emotion
put a brave face on things
Elena was really disappointed not to get the job, but she put a brave face on things.
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to pretend that you are happy when you are really very upset
make a scene
I was very angry, but I didn’t want to make a scene at my daughter’s school.
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to have a loud angry argument, especially in a public place
get something off your chest
Why don’t you tell me what happened? You might feel better if you get it off your chest.
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to tell someone about something that has been worrying or annoying you for a long time, so that you feel better afterwards
take a step back
You need to take a step back from all the problems at work if you want to find a solution.
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to deliberately become less closely involved in a situation
put things into perspective
I saw their suffering, and it really put my own problems into perspective.
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to consider something in a sensible way by comparing it with something else
facial expression
But we calm down when see the other person's facial expression or hear the tone of their voice and realise they feel bad about making an honest mistake.
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a way of expressing emotions
get out of hand
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But online, that information is missing and our anger quickly gets out of hand.
get a buzz of sth/doing sth
I get a buzz out of public speaking. I got such a buzz out of seeing the kids' faces at the show. You can see what a buzz she gets from helping others. Some people get a buzz from the fact that they are recognized in the street.
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to get a feeling of excitement, energy, and pleasure out of something:
blow someone away
The ending will blow you away.
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to surprise or please someone very much:
impervious
impervious to He is impervious to criticism and rational argument.
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If someone is impervious to something, they are not influenced or affected by something:
a temp
I worked as a temp for a while before I got my first permanent job. Many companies are relying more on temps and part-timers.
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a person employed to work for a short period, especially in an office while another person is absent or when there is extra work:
organise yourself into sth
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We naturally organise ourselves into online communities with people of similar opinions.
engaged in
They've been engaged in a legal battle with the council for several months.
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involved in sth
resist the temptation to do something
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So when we happen to see a member of our own community engaged in a conflict with an outsider, it's hard to resist the temptation to defend your own side.
gutted
He was gutted when she finished the relationship.
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extremely disappointed and unhappy:
spiral out of control
The project spiraled out of control, running $300 million over budget. There is a great deal of evidence that internet gambling is spiralling rapidly out of control.
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spiral out of controlif a situation spirals out of control, it becomes impossible to control because one bad event causes another:
post a complaint on sth
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When you post a complaint on a company's social media feed, you naturally expect an instant response.
blank/ignore
When I saw him out at a club the next night, he blanked me. Without even discussing it, we all turned our backs on her and blanked her.
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to ignore someone or pretend that you have not seen them or do not know them:
transform
This kind of situation could transform your mild irritation into intense fury
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to change completely the appearance or character of something or someone, especially so that that thing or person is improved:
take offence
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So we take offence, even if, the writerturns out to have had a completely different target in mind
repercussion
Any decrease in tourism could have serious repercussions for the local economy. President Kennedy's assassination had far-reaching repercussions.
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the effect that an action, event, or decision has on something, especially a bad effect:
vast
But the vast majority of online rage and abuse is committed by normal people who wouldn't dream of upsetting others in real life.
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huge
rage
I was frightened because I had never seen him in such a rage before.
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anger
dreams are blown
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dreams won´t come true ´bhnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm dreams won't come true
pushy
I’m fed up of getting phone calls from pushy salesmen.
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someone who is pushy does everything they can to get what they want from other people – used to show disapproval
tacky
Those party decorations look really tacky.
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if something is tacky, it looks cheap or badly made, and shows poor taste
glowing
I’ve had glowing reports from Neil about your work.
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full of praise
modest
She had saved a modest amount of money.
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not very great, big or expensive
sugary
The government has introduced a tax on sugary drinks.
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containing sugar, or tasting like sugar
adoring
Samir’s adoring aunt bought him this train set.
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liking and admiring someone very much
outrageous
House prices in this area are outrageous.
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shocking
die-hard
Some die-hard film photographers refuse to use a digital camera.
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a die-hard person opposes change and refuses to accept new ideas
obsessive
I try to stay fit, but I’m not obsessive about it.
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thinking or worrying about something all the time, so that you do not think about other things enough – used to show disapproval
screaming
I had to sit next to a screaming baby for an eight-hour flight.
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making a loud high noise with your voice because you are hurt, frightened, excited etc.
lukewarm
His idea got only a lukewarm response from the committee.
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not showing much interest or excitement
gushing
His new musical received gushing praise from the New York critics.
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expressing praise, pleasure etc. in a way that other people think is too strong
informed
Good information is essential if people are to make informed choices about services.
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an informed decision etc. is based on knowledge of a subject or situation
meagre
He supplements his meagre income by working on Saturdays.
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a meagre amount of food, money etc. is too small and is much less than you need
moderate
Moderate exercise, such as walking, is recommended.
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not very large or very small, not very fast or very slow etc.
phenomenal
He has learned a phenomenal amount in the last two years.
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very great or impressive
firm
What this country needs is firm leadership.
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showing in the way that you behave or speak that you are the person in control and that you are not likely to change your answer, belief etc.
doting
His doting big sister used to do everything for him.
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loving someone very much, and show this by your actions
supportive
My family were very supportive while I was doing my exams.
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giving help or encouragement, especially to someone who is in a difficult situation
educational
There are some good educational board games available.
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teaching you something you did not know before
flimsy
They keep their boat in a flimsy wooden building.
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something that is flimsy is not strong or well-made, and will break easily
durable
Bamboo is an excellent building material: cheap, sustainable and surprisingly durable.
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staying in good condition for a long time, even if used a lot
nutritious
The cookbook contains many simple yet highly nutritious meals.
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food that is nutritious is full of the natural substances that your body needs to stay healthy or to grow properly
bite-size
Sushi is served in convenient bite-size pieces.
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small enough to put into your mouth to eat
processed
Processed foods often contain artificial colourings and flavourings.
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processed food has substances added to it before it is sold, in order to preserve it, improve its colour etc.
blind
Blind rage took hold of him.
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used to describe strong feelings that you cannot control
driving
Her driving ambition led to her becoming CEO of the company at only 35 years of age.
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driving ambition is a very great desire to do or achieve something
consuming
Jack has a consuming hatred for cats.
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a consuming feeling is so strong that you think of little else
take hold
The economic recovery is just beginning to take hold now.
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take holdto become strong; to be established:
not-so-subtle
Her not-so-subtle approach was simply to tell him she didn’t love him any more.
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direct; easily noticed or understood
paid-for
Our house will be fully paid-for next year, when our mortgage comes to an end.
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used to describe something you have given money to buy
better-than-expected
Their team put in a better-than-expected performance and the result was two goals all.
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not as bad as you thought it was going to be
take-it-or-leave-it
Stella has a take-it-or-leave it attitude towards selling her car.
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used to show that someone doesn’t care about the outcome
all-you-can-eat
Our local Indian restaurant has an all-you-can-eat buffet every Sunday lunchtime.
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used by restaurants to describe a meal with a fixed price, and with no limit on how much food you eat
once-in-a-lifetime
We’ve been offered a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity to spend two months in New Zealand.
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used to say that something is very rare
business-as-usual
Despite last night’s scare, journalists showed a business-as-usual attitude to work today.
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used to describe when someone or something is still working or operating normally when you think they might not be
poorly-thought-out
People attending the festival complained about the poorly-thought-out traffic control.
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badly planned
middle-of-the-road
Their first album was quite good, but the second was very middle-of-the-road stuff.
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ordinary and not new, different or exciting
larger-than-life
Tariq is always fun at parties, with his larger-than-life personality.
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someone who is larger than life is very amusing or exciting in an attractive way
off-the-cuff
Gabi is well-known for making off-the-cuff jokes when you least expect them.
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an off-the-cuff remark, reply etc. is one that you make without thinking about it first
odds-on
Nottingham is odds-on favourite to win the championship.
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used to describe the person, horse etc. that is most likely to win a race or other competition
state-of-the-art
She’s just bought a state-of-the-art laptop.
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using the most modern and recently developed methods, materials or knowledge
run-of-the-mill
It was a run-of-the-mill seminar. I didn’t really learn anything new.
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not special or interesting in any way
ever-dwindling
The charity launched a campaign to boost its ever-dwindling resources.
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gradually becoming less and less or smaller and smaller
across-the-board
The company is offering an across-the-board pay increase.
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affecting everyone or everything in a situation or organisation
well-to-do
Most of the students at the school come from well-to-do families.
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rich and with a high social position
unheard-of
Travel for pleasure was almost unheard of until the 19th century.
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something that is unheard of is so unusual that it has not happened or been known before
make the acquaintance of someone
At the hotel, I made the acquaintance of a young American actor.
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to meet someone for the first time
my mind goes blank
As I walked onto the stage, my heart began to race and my mind went blank.
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if your mind goes blank, or if you go blank, you suddenly cannot remember something
pick somebody’s brains
I thought I’d pick Greg’s brains about what to take with us.
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to ask someone who knows a lot about something for information and advice about it
a great ice-breaker
This game is a great ice-breaker at the beginning of a course.
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something that you say or do to make people less nervous when they first meet
break the ice
Soo Jung’s arrival broke the ice and people began to talk and laugh.
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to make people feel more friendly and willing to talk to each other
frosty atmosphere
When I first met Mario’s parents, there was a very frosty atmosphere.
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a frosty atmosphere describes an unfriendly situation
hover
Her younger brother hovered in the background watching us.
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to stay nervously in the same place, especially because you are waiting for something or are not certain what to do
mingle
She was eager to mingle with the other guests.
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if you mingle at a party or event, you move around the room and talk to lots of different people
mutual acquaintance
My parents first met when a mutual acquaintance invited them both to dinner.
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someone that two people both know
exchange a few pleasantries
We exchanged a few pleasantries while we were waiting for the lecture to begin.
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to say things that you say to someone in order to be polite, but which are not very important
make small talk
We stood around making small talk in the hotel lobby.
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to take part in polite friendly conversation about unimportant subjects
a downward trend
The downward trend in population growth was not seen as a problem.
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a general tendency for something to decrease
reverse the trend
He succeeded in reversing the downward trend of the railway’s fortunes.
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to make something start to change back
a tipping point
The region reached a tipping point when the largest coal mine closed.
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the moment when one particular result of a process becomes the most likely one, after a period when the result is not sure
look set to continue
The stormy weather looks set to continue into next week.
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to seem likely not to stop
pass a milestone
The treatment of diabetes passed a significant milestone with the introduction of smartwatch monitors.
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to go past a very important event in the development of something
mark the start of a new era
These elections marked the start of a new democratic era.
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to be a sign of an important change
be on the up
Business confidence is on the up.
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to be improving or increasing
revert to something
The city reverted to its former name of St Petersburg.
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to change back to a situation that existed in the past
set the trend
Larger corporations are setting the trend for better paternity benefits.
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to start doing something that other people copy
look promising
Early results of trials of the new vaccine are looking promising.
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to show signs of being successful or good in the future
get on board with something
The wind turbine plan will go ahead if local farmers get on board with the idea.
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to agree with and accept something
be willing to
Would the sales department be willing to accept a lower bonus this year?
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to be prepared to
be at odds with
Briggs was completely at odds with his colleagues.
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to disaɡree with
receive some pushback
So far, the suggestion for a new curriculum has received some pushback from headteachers.
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to ɡet a neɡative response (about a proposed chanɡe)
come up against some resistance
The new system for flexible working hours has come up against some resistance from employees.
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to get a negative response
be open to
Teachers need to be open to children’s ideas.
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to be willing to consider or accept something new
take issue with something
It is difficult to take issue with his analysis.
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to disagree or argue with someone about something
be loath to do something
Sarah was loath to tell her mother what had happened.
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to be unwilling to do something
go along with something
I would be happy to go along with the idea of advertising online.
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to agree with or support something
meet with a lukewarm response
His fundraising idea met with only a lukewarm response from the committee.
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to receive little interest or excitement
zero-hour contract
It is not unusual to be offered a zero-hours contract in the catering industry.
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a zero-hour contract is one in which a worker may or may not be given any work in a week but must be available for work, and is only paid for the hours they work
line manager
If you have a problem, the first person to speak to is your line manager.
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someone who is one level higher in rank than you in a company and is in charge of your work
in lieu of...
If we work on Saturday morning, we’ll be given extra time off in lieu of payment.
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instead of
universal basic income
Economists use universal basic income for the purposes of analysis, but it is unlikely that it will ever become a reality.
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a theoretical system of paying a sum of money to every individual in a given country or region, which is not dependent on work
be given the push
The company was cutting costs, so I was scared I’d get the push.
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if your employer gives you the push, they make you leave your job
pull rank
The finance director pulled rank and refused to authorise the purchase order.
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to use your authority over someone to make them do what you want, especially unfairly
gross misconduct
Examples of gross misconduct are theft, damage to property or drunkenness during working hours.
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extremely bad behaviour or performance by an employee that may lead to being told to leave their job
severance pay
Employees will get two weeks of severance pay for every year of service.
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money that you get when you have to leave a company because your employer no longer has a job for you
staff appraisal
The quality control process includes annual staff appraisals.
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a meeting between a manager and an employee to discuss the quality of the employee’s work and areas for future progress
disciplinary procedure
The disciplinary procedure resulted in two doctors losing their jobs.
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a process relating to the punishment of someone who has not obeyed rules
micro-manage
I wish the head of our department would get on with her own work and stop trying to micro-manage all the sales executives.
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to organise and control all the details of another person’s work in a way that they think is annoying
pro rata
Teaching assistants are usually paid pro rata, to take account of the school holidays.
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a payment or share that is calculated pro rata is calculated according to how much of something is used, how much work is done etc.
problem
I’ve been having a few problems with my car.
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a situation that causes difficulties
archaic
Many smaller radio stations broadcast on archaic equipment.
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old-fashioned and needing to be replaced
chaotic
We moved house yesterday, so everything is still quite chaotic.
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a chaotic situation is one in which everything is happening in a confused way
difficult
He’s finding it difficult to get a job.
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hard to do, understand or deal with
penny-pinching
A series of penny-pinching governments have damaged the country’s health service.
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unwilling to spend or give money
vintage
Carla has a wonderful collection of vintage motorbikes.
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old, but high-quality
economical
A small car is more economical to run.
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using money, time, goods etc. carefully and without wasting any
issue
The minister used his speech to highlight the issue of global warming.
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a subject or problem that is often discussed or argued about, especially a social or political matter that affects the interests of a lot of people
relaxed
There’s a very relaxed atmosphere in the school.
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a situation that is relaxed is comfortable and informal
challenging
Teaching young children is a challenging and rewarding job.
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difficult in an interesting or enjoyable way
exploit
Homeworkers are sometimes exploited by employers.
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to treat (someone) unfairly by asking them to do things for you, but giving them very little in return
employ
The factory employs over 2,000 people.
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to pay (someone) to work for you
lively
The hotel is situated next to the lively bustling port.
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a place or situation that is lively is exciting because a lot of things are happening
rowdy
The town centre often gets quite rowdy on a Friday night.
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a rowdy place such as a bar is full of noisy people, often behaving badly
charming
We had dinner in a charming little Italian restaurant.
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very pleasing or attractive
run-down
The warehouse was very run-down, with broken windows and a leaking roof.
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a building or area that is run-down is in very bad condition
mob
A mob of a few hundred demonstrators was blocking the main street.
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a large noisy crowd, especially one that is angry and violent
crowd
A large crowd had gathered to watch the procession go past.
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a large group of people who have gathered together to do something, for example to watch something or protest about something
cheap
Property is cheaper in Spain than here.
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not at all expensive, or lower in price than you expected
affordable
This is a top-quality TV at a very affordable price.
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cheap enough for most people to afford
firm
You need to be firm with her or she’ll try to take advantage of you.
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showing in the way that you behave or speak that you are the person in control and that you are not likely to change your answer, belief etc.
harsh
Harsh measures were taken against the protesters.
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severe, cruel or unkind
cause
Heavy traffic is causing delays on the motorway.
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to make something happen, especially something bad
be rife
Violent crime is rife in our inner cities.
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if something bad or unpleasant is rife, it is very common
be hell bent on...
The protesters were hell bent on destroying the statues.
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to be very determined to do something, especially something that other people do not approve of
impending
The article warns of impending changes in government legislation.
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an impending event or situation, especially an unpleasant one, is going to happen very soon
commit crime
Less crime is committed by women than men.
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to do something wrong or illegal
abundant
The new well provides the village with an abundant supply of fresh water.
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something that is abundant exists or is available in large quantities so that there is more than enough
generate
Tourism generates income for local communities.
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to produce or cause something
be committed to doing something
Both sides claim to be fully committed to making the peace process succeed.
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to be willing to work very hard at something
perform
Surgeons performed an emergency operation.
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to do (something), especially something difficult or useful
upcoming
The outcome of the upcoming election is by no means certain.
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happening soon
butt in
It was almost impossible to explain my point of view because people kept butting in.
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to interrupt a conversation, often rudely
have a heart-to-heart with someone
Why don’t you have a heart-to-heart with him and sort out your problems?
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to hold a conversation in which two people say honestly and sincerely what they really feel about something
have a chit chat
We sat around having a chit chat while we waited for the internet connection to be restored.
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to hold a conversation about things that are not very important
reiterate
The minister ended his speech by reiterating the most important points.
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to repeat (a statement or opinion) in order to make your meaning as clear as possible
go on about something
I got tired of him going on about all his problems.
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to keep talking about something, in a way that is boring or annoying
go off on a tangent
Let’s stay with the topic and not go off on a tangent.
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to suddenly start thinking or talking about a subject that is only slightly related, or not related at all, to the original subject
thrash something out
We still have to get together and thrash out the details.
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to discuss something thoroughly with someone until you find an answer, reach an agreement or decide on something
talk shop
I’m fed up with you two talking shop. We were supposed to be having a coffee and a chat!
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to talk about things that are related to your work, especially in a way that other people find boring
clam up
If there’s a problem, a sensitive child is likely just to clam up.
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to suddenly stop talking, especially when you are nervous or shy
banter
Whenever I see my cousins, we immediately start up the usual easy banter.
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friendly conversation in which people make a lot of jokes with, and amusing remarks about, each other
broach a subject
I’m not sure whether I dare broach the subject of his latest film – it wasn’t a huge success.
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to mention a subject that may be embarrassing or unpleasant or cause an argument
confer with someone
I would like a chance to confer with my colleagues before giving you my final answer.
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to discuss something with other people, so that everyone can express their opinions and decide on something
occur to someone
It had never occurred to Tariq that he might lose his job.
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if an idea or a thought occurs to you, it suddenly comes into your mind
spring to mind
Two questions spring to mind, now that you’ve mentioned going on holiday.
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if someone or something springs to mind, you immediately think of them
dawn on someone
It dawned on me that Lara had been right all along.
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if a fact dawns on you, you realise it for the first time
bounce a few ideas around
Let’s bounce a few ideas around and see if we can come up with a plan for the festival.
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to talk about your ideas with someone
have a bright idea
Dex had a bright idea about our advertising strategy.
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to come up with a very clever idea
be just a passing thought
You don’t have to invite them ... it was just a passing thought.
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a passing thought or feeling is short and not very serious
be out of ideas
There seems to be a problem with every plan we’ve discussed; I’m out of ideas now!
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to have no inspiration or solutions left
give someone an idea
What gave you the idea for the book?
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to provide a plan or suggestion for a possible course of action, especially one that you think of suddenly
have a brainwave
I’ve had a brainwave! Let’s go this weekend instead.
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to have a sudden clever idea
macroeconomics
The charity has used studies of the macroeconomics of several west African countries to create this model.
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the study of large economic systems such as those of a whole country or area of the world
microeconomics
The microeconomics of the property sector reflects the state of the national economy.
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the study of small economic systems that are part of national or international systems
macrobiology
Macrobiology is an important topic in this term’s module about ecosystems.
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the study of organisms that can be seen without any optical instrument
microbiology
The study of bacteria and how they develop is a valuable field within microbiology.
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the scientific study of very small living things which can only be seen through a microscope
macro level
Economic uncertainty is increasing at macro level: there are fears of a worldwide recession.
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a way of considering a whole system rather than particular parts of it
micro level
Let’s consider the offenders at micro level, within their usual social setting.
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a way of considering a very specific part of a system
hypercritical
My mother-in-law is hypercritical: she complains even when we turn up five minutes late.
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too eager to criticise other people and things, especially about small details
hypocritical
It’s hypocritical of Sue to go to Tom’s party when she can’t stand him.
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behaving in a way that is different from what you claim to believe
hypertension
The doctor told Jorge that losing weight might help reduce his hypertension.
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a medical condition in which your blood pressure is too high
hypotension
Patients who suffer from hypotension are more prone to faint.
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a medical condition in which your blood pressure is too low
international
The organisation regulates international trade.
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relating to or involving more than one nation
intranational
Trade may worsen intranational inequality, leading to increased stress and adverse impacts on mortality.
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relating to or involving a single nation
internet
We do most of our shopping on the internet.
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a computer system that allows millions of computer users around the world to exchange information
intranet
Information about the company’s updated data protection policy will be circulated via the intranet.
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a computer network used for exchanging or seeing information within a company
interstate
The police arrested them on the interstate highway, just before they crossed into Arizona.
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that goes between states
intrastate
The governor announced that intrastate travel would be restricted due to the floods.
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within a single state
reduce
We need to reduce the amount of salt in our diet.
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to make (something) smaller or less in size, amount or price
produce
The factory produces an incredible 100 cars per hour.
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to make, write etc. (something) to be bought, used or enjoyed by people; to grow (something) or make it naturally
reject
Zara rejected her brother’s offer of help.
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to refuse to accept, believe in or agree with (something)
project
Total expenditure is projected to rise by 25%.
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to calculate what something will be in the future, using the information you have now
renounce
These groups must renounce violence if there is to be progress towards peace.
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to publicly say or show that you no longer believe in (something), or will no longer behave in a particular way
pronounce
How do you pronounce your name?
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to make the sound of (a letter, word etc.), especially in the correct way
bilateral
The two countries signed a bilateral agreement.
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involving two groups or nations
multilateral
The peace talks eventually resulted in a multilateral treaty.
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involving several different countries or groups
multipart
The complicated multipart devices are assembled in two separate factories.
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made up of more than one part
bipolar
The bipolar space race developed into international collaboration.
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involving two opposing countries, groups etc.
multipolar
Over the years, the festival has become more international and now reflects today’s multipolar and multicultural world.
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divided in several ways or directions
bilingual
Louis is virtually bilingual in Dutch and German.
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using, speaking or written in two different languages
multilingual
The report recommended multilingual education in schools.
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using, speaking or written in several different languages
overpaid
Footballers are often criticised for being overpaid, but their careers are usually very short.
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given more money for a job than you deserve
underpaid
Postal workers are threatening to strike on the basis of being underpaid.
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earning less money than you deserve for your work
overachiever
Many overachievers suffer from stress in their early thirties.
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someone who works very hard to be successful, and is very unhappy if they do not achieve everything they want to
underachiever
The school runs an after-school club to support underachievers with their homework.
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someone who does not do as well at school or at work as they could do if they worked harder
overrated
I’ve always felt he is overrated as an actor.
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not as good or important as some people think or say
underrated
You really should read this novel; I think it’s underrated by the critics.
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better than people think or say
overdone
The beef was overdone.
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cooked too much
underdone
I prefer lamb a little underdone.
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not completely cooked
take stock
While in hospital, Jimal took stock of his life.
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to think carefully about the things that have happened in a situation in order to decide what to do next
pin something down
The flavour was hard to pin down.
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to understand something clearly or be able to describe it exactly
root cause
If we can’t identify the root cause of the problem, we’re never going to be able to resolve it.
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the main cause of a problem
mull something over
He’s mulling over the proposals before making any changes.
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to think about a problem, plan etc. for a long time before making a decision
misinterpret
She had misinterpreted his silence as anger.
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to not understand the correct meaning of something that someone says or does, or of facts that you are considering
intuitive
He seemed to have an intuitive awareness of how I felt.
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an intuitive idea is based on a feeling rather than on knowledge or facts
brainstorm
Employees get together and brainstorm ideas, some of which get developed and some don’t.
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to have a discussion or meeting with other people at work, to suggest a lot of ideas for an activity or for solving a problem
underestimate
Never underestimate the power of the press.
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to think or guess that something is smaller, cheaper, easier etc. than it really is
wrestle with something
I have been wrestling with this problem for quite some time.
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to try to understand or find a solution to a difficult problem
get befuddled
I’ve been at work for ten hours now and I’m starting to get befuddled.
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to become completely confused
go round in circles
We’ve been going round in circles ever since the interviews. Which candidate is best for the job?
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to think or argue about something without deciding anything or making progress
perplexed
Perplexed investors tried to work out what the deal meant.
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confused and worried by something that you do not understand
baffled
The question left me completely baffled.
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if something baffles you, you cannot understand or explain it at all
deliberate
The jury deliberated for four days before acquitting him.
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to think about something very carefully
ruminate
He sat alone, ruminating on the injustice of the world.
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to think carefully and deeply about something
ponder
He continued to ponder the problem as he walked home.
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to spend time thinking carefully and seriously about (a problem, a difficult question or something that has happened)
zero in on
She immediately zeroed in on the weak point in his argument.
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to direct all your attention towards (a particular person or thing)
shed light on
Investigators hope to shed light on what started the fire.
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to make (something) easier to understand, by providing new or better information
misconstrue
Sam’s behaviour could easily be misconstrued: he gets aggressive when he is frightened.
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to misunderstand (something that someone has said or done)
misread
I think Kim misread the situation: they were warning her, not threatening her.
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to make a wrong judgement about a person or situation
rack your brains
I racked my brains, trying to remember his name.
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to try very hard to remember or think of something
grapple with something
Molly’s upstairs grappling with her maths homework.
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to try hard to deal with or understand something difficult
impartial
We offer impartial advice on tax and insurance.
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not involved in a particular situation, and therefore able to give a fair opinion or piece of advice
realistic
It’s just not realistic to expect a promotion so soon.
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judging and dealing with situations in a practical way according to what is actually possible rather than what you would like to happen
disclose
He refused to disclose the identity of the politician.
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to make something publicly known, especially after it has been kept secret
unsubstantiated
Apart from an unsubstantiated allegation of fraud ten years ago, he has a clean record.
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not proved to be true
insubstantial
The evidence seemed very insubstantial until the main witness spoke.
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not solid, large, strong or definite
footage
The police are examining CCTV footage to try to trace Jackson’s movements that night.
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film or video showing a particular event
murder
The four accused men all deny murder.
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the crime of deliberately killing someone
assassination
The president narrowly escaped an assassination attempt.
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the act of murdering an important person
character assassination
The campaign was accused of character assassination because of its negative adverts.
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an unfair attack on someone’s character
bend the truth
It would be bending the truth to say Rua is an experienced doctor: she’s in her last year of medical school.
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to say something that is not completely true
credible
He was unable to give a credible explanation for his behaviour.
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deserving or able to be believed or trusted
creditable
She did a creditable job of impersonating the singer.
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deserving praise or approval
publicity stunt
Was the prime minister’s much-reported illness a publicity stunt?
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something that is only done to get publicity
interpretation
One possible interpretation is that they want you to resign.
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the way in which someone explains or understands an event, information, someone’s actions etc.
interplay
Military leaders are seeking to improve the interplay between their troops and civilian populations.
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the way in which two people or things affect each other
brief
The president has been fully briefed on the current situation at the airport.
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to give (someone) all the information about a situation that they will need
disclose
It was disclosed that £3.5 million was needed to modernise the building.
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to make (something) publicly known, especially after it has been kept secret
substantiate
García offered little evidence to substantiate his claims.
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to prove the truth of (something that someone has said, claimed etc.)
misrepresent
These statistics grossly misrepresent the reality.
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to deliberately give a wrong description of (someone’s opinions or of a situation)
smear
This article is a blatant attempt to smear the party leadership.
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to tell an untrue story about (someone important) in order to make people lose respect for them – used especially in newspapers
pitch
The Education Secretary is planning to pitch the new curriculum to headteachers at the conference.
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to present an idea or concept to someone in a way that they will accept it
probe
to ask questions in order to find things out, especially things that other people do not want you to know
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to ask questions in order to find things out, especially things that other people do not want you to know
unearth
The enquiry unearthed some disturbing evidence.
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to find (information or the truth about something or someone)
expose
The report exposes the weaknesses of modern medical practice.
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to show the truth about (someone or something), especially when it is bad
proofread
Always proofread your assignments carefully before submitting them.
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to read through (something that is written or printed) in order to correct any mistakes in it
sensationalise
The media often sensationalise crime.
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to deliberately make (something) seem as strange, exciting or shocking as possible – used to show disapproval
plagiarise
He accused other scientists of plagiarising his research.
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to take words or ideas from another person’s work and use them in your work, without stating that they are not your own
as clear as day
The reason for the CEO’s resignation is now as clear as day.
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very easy to see or understand
put your finger on something
There was something about the man that worried Sutton, but he couldn’t put his finger on it.
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to know or be able to explain exactly what is wrong, different or unusual about a situation
crystal clear
The instructions on the packet are crystal clear.
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very easy to see or understand
in plain English
The document, written in plain English, tells you about your new policy.
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in clear and simple words, without using technical language
as clear as mud
The instructions for my new smartwatch are as clear as mud.
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used humorously to say that something is very difficult to understand
a hidden agenda
Voters suspected a hidden political agenda.
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the secret purpose behind a plan or activity that you do not tell other people about – used to show disapproval
panic attack
He had a panic attack while he was waitinɡ to board the plane.
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a sudden strong feeling of fear or nervousness that makes you unable to think clearly or behave sensibly
traumatic
His son’s death was the most traumatic event in Marek’s life.
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a traumatic experience is so shocking and upsetting that it affects you for a long time
bring someone out in a cold sweat
Drops in stock market prices are bringing investors out in a cold sweat.
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to make someone very nervous or frightened
a daunting prospect
Asking the bank for a loan is a daunting prospect.
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a particular event which will probably or definitely happen in the future, that is frightening in a way that makes you feel less confident
churn
My stomach was churning on the day of the exam.
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if your stomach churns, you feel sick because you are nervous or frightened
debilitating
Stella can’t concentrate on her work; her fear of flying has a debilitating effect on her.
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making you ill or weak
get a buzz out of something
I get a buzz out of riding a powerful motorbike.
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to get a strong feeling of excitement, pleasure or success from doing something
rush
The feeling of power gave me such a rush.
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a sudden strong, usually pleasant feeling that you get from taking a drug or from doing something exciting
exhilaration
She enjoyed the exhilaration of jet-skiing.
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a feeling of being happy, excited and full of energy
thrill
Even though I’ve been acting for years, I still get a thrill out of going on stage.
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a sudden strong feeling of excitement and pleasure, or the thing that makes you feel this
self-conscious
Jerry’s quite self-conscious about the scar on his face.
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worried and embarrassed about what you look like or what other people think of you
self-contained
Self-contained flats are available to all postgraduates.
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a self-contained flat has its own kitchen and bathroom
self-control
It took a lot of self-control to not let the children see how angry I was.
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the ability to behave calmly and sensibly even when you feel very excited, angry etc.
self-effacing
Doug is a quiet, self-effacing man so he asked his daughter to collect the award on his behalf.
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not wanting to attract attention to yourself or your achievements
self-esteem
Playing a sport can boost a teenager’s self-esteem.
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the feeling of being satisfied with your own abilities, and that you deserve to be liked or respected
self-explanatory
The TV controls are pretty self-explanatory.
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clear and easy to understand without needing any more explanation
self-indulgent
It feels self-indulgent spending so much on a pair of shoes.
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allowing yourself to have or do things that you enjoy but do not need, especially if you do this too often
self-inflicted
Stress is often self-inflicted.
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self-inflicted pain, problems, illnesses etc. are those you have caused yourself
self-made
My cousin had become a self-made millionaire by the time she was 35.
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a self-made man or woman has become successful and rich by their own efforts, not by having money given to them
self-pity
There was a note of self-pity in his voice when he gave his farewell speech.
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the feeling of being sad and depressed because you think that something unfair or unpleasant has happened to you – used to show disapproval
self-reinforcing
According to the report, poor health and poverty are self-reinforcing problems.
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strengthening your own existing feelings, behaviour or opinions
self-reliant
Our aim is to teach our son to become an independent self-reliant adult.
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able to do or decide things by yourself, without depending on the help or advice of other people
self-righteous
Tadz is a vegetarian, but she’s not at all self-righteous about it.
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proudly sure that your beliefs, attitudes and morals are good and right, in a way that annoys other people – used to show disapproval
self-sacrificing
Many parents are self-sacrificing when it’s a question of their children’s needs.
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deciding not to do or have something you want or need, in order to help someone else
a strong sense of duty
He was caring for his parents out of a sense of duty rather than love.
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a feeling that you have to do something because it is morally or legally right
prior work experience
She’s well qualified but has no relevant prior work experience.
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the previous experience you have had of working in a particular type of job
exorbitant rent
My son and his friends are being charged an exorbitant rent for their student flat – and the shower doesn’t even work!
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an exorbitant rent (= money paid to live in a house or room that belongs to someone else, or to use something that belongs to someone else) is much higher than it should be
mutual support
The charity puts students and elderly people in touch with each other, for mutual support and friendship.
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mutual support is support that two or more people give each other
an untapped resource
Older people are an untapped resource in the employment market.
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something useful that is available but has not yet been used
on a regular basis
I’m saving money on a regular basis.
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at the same time each day, week, month etc., or often
household chores
Now that Ted is on his own, he struggles with household chores such as washing and ironing clothes.
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small jobs that you have to do regularly in a home, especially work that you do to keep a house clean
have a profound impact on something
Population growth has a profound impact on world food demand.
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to have a very important or strong effect or influence on something
muted
There was muted agreement from most of the people in the room.
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a muted reaction to something is not expressed strongly
vibrant
Istanbul is a vibrant, fascinating city.
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full of activity or energy in a way that is exciting and attractive
rich
Russia has a rich literary tradition.
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full of interesting or important features, facts, events or ideas
fleeting
I caught a fleeting glimpse of them as they drove past.
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lasting for only a short time
fuzzy
Some of the photos were so fuzzy it was hard to tell who was who.
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if a sound or picture is fuzzy, it is unclear
vivid
He had a vivid picture of her in his mind.
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vivid memories, dreams, descriptions etc. are so clear that they seem real
odour
When the wind is from the west, we often get obnoxious odours from the paper factory.
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a smell, especially an unpleasant one
aroma
At the weekend, if Arthur gets up before me, I wake up to the aroma of fresh coffee.
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a strong pleasant smell
crystal-clear
I still have a crystal-clear memory of the day our eldest son was born.
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completely clear
blurry
She showed me a few blurry photos of their holiday.
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difficult to see because the edges are not clear
crisp
Cook the pastry until it is crisp and golden.
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food that is crisp is pleasantly hard or firm when you bite it; weather that is crisp is cold and dry
faint
I could just make out the faint outline of the cliffs.
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difficult to see, hear, smell etc.
fluffy
Cream the butter and sugar until the mixture is light and fluffy.
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(appearing to be) very light and soft to touch
hazy
Temperatures again have been in the 80s, and the humidity makes the hills look hazy.
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air that is hazy is not clear because there is a lot of smoke, dust or mist in it
indistinct
All the police have to go on is a grainy, indistinct video clip.
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an indistinct sound, image or memory cannot be seen, heard or remembered clearly
mellow
They serve a rich, mellow blend of coffee.
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mellow wine or fruit has a smooth pleasant taste
metallic
There was a metallic grey van parked outside the hotel.
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a metallic noise sounds like pieces of metal hitting each other; a metallic colour shines like metal
muffled
We heard muffled shouts and screams from the bar below.
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muffled sounds cannot be heard clearly, for example because they come from behind a door or wall
musty
The library was full of musty old books which no one wanted to read.
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a musty room, house or object has an unpleasant smell, because it is old and has not had any fresh air for a long time
pungent
The onion smell still lingered, sharp and pungent.
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having a strong taste or smell
resonant
Billy's voice had a deep, resonant tone that was a pleasure to hear.
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a resonant sound is deep, loud and clear, and continues for a long time
savoury
You can use this herb to flavour almost any savoury dish.
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a savoury smell or taste is strong and pleasant but is not sweet
shrill
‘That’s not true,’ she protested in a shrill voice.
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a shrill sound is very high and unpleasant
silky
The treatment will leave your hair feeling soft and silky.
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soft, smooth, and shiny like silk; a silky voice is gentle, and is used especially when trying to persuade someone to do something
succulent
The chicken was golden and crispy on the outside and juicy and succulent inside.
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juicy and good to eat
textured
Do you prefer plain and smooth or textured wallpaper?
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having a surface that is not smooth
blare
Horns blared in the street outside.
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to make a very loud unpleasant noise
bloodcurdling
We were walking through the forest at night when we heard a bloodcurdling howl.
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extremely frightening
blotchy
Little Florence’s blotchy painting of a tiger is still on our fridge.
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covered in coloured marks
bristly
The rug in the classroom is rather bristly, so the children don’t like sitting on it.
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bristly hair is short and stiff
crinkly
The paper was brown and crinkly at the edges.
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having a lot of small lines or folds
clank
A tram clanked past.
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if a metal object clanks, it makes a loud heavy sound
clatter
The cups clattered as he pushed the tea trolley through the hospital ward.
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if heavy hard objects clatter, or if you clatter them, they make a loud unpleasant noise
ear-splitting
There was an ear-splitting crack as the branch broke.
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very loud
fleecy
There was a pile of fleecy white towels in the hotel bathroom.
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soft and woolly, or looking soft and woolly
piquant
Rob served chicken with a piquant wild mushroom sauce.
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having a pleasantly spicy taste
starlit
It was a starlit night so we went for a walk along the beach.
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made brighter by light from the stars
willowy
She was pale and willowy, with green eyes.
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tall, thin and graceful
reach a compromise
After a bitter political fight, a compromise was finally reached.
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to achieve an agreement after everyone involved accepts less than what they wanted at first
give and take
In any relationship there has to be some give and take.
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a willingness between two people or groups to understand each other, and to let each other have or do some of the things they want
make a concession on something
The UAE made some concessions on the price of oil.
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to allow someone to have something in order to end an argument or a disagreement
stick to your guns
Having made up his mind to resign, he stuck to his guns and refused the offer of increased pay.
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to refuse to change your mind about something, even though other people are trying to persuade you that you are wrong
dig your heels in
Lori dug her heels in and refused to pay the bill.
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to refuse to do something in spite of other people’s efforts to persuade you
split the difference
OK, let’s split the difference: I’ll give you £25.
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to agree on an amount that is exactly between two amounts that have been mentioned
a bargaining chip
The union is using the issues regarding overtime as a bargaining chip in the wider pay negotiations.
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something that one person or group in a business deal or political agreement has, that can be used to gain an advantage in the deal
find common ground
Politicians and student unions have found a great deal of common ground on this issue.
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to identify facts, features or beliefs that are shared by people or things that are very different
break the deadlock
The health department has made a last-ditch effort to break the deadlock in talks regarding nurses’ pay.
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to finally resolve a disagreement which could not be settled
groundbreaking
The team continues its groundbreaking research into the causes of leukaemia.
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groundbreaking work involves making new discoveries, using new methods etc.
far-reaching
The country carried out far-reaching reforms to modernise its economy.
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having a great influence or effect
futile
Firefighters made a futile attempt to save the paintings from the flames.
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actions that are futile are useless because they have no chance of being successful
worthless
His parents had made him feel worthless.
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a worthless person has no good qualities or useful skills
undervalued
Parents who stay at home and look after children often feel undervalued.
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made to feel less important or valuable than you really are
indispensable
The two students have been indispensable – we wouldn’t have managed to run the farm this summer without them.
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someone who is indispensable is so important or useful that it is impossible to manage without them
pivotal
These negotiations are pivotal to the success of the country.
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more important than anything else in a situation, system etc.
noteworthy
The jury’s verdict was noteworthy for a number of reasons.
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important or interesting enough to deserve your attention
negligible
The damage done to his property was negligible.
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too slight or unimportant to have any effect
immaterial
If you sign a document, it is wholly immaterial whether you have read it carefully or not.
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not important in a particular situation
important
The accident taught him an important lesson.
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an important event, decision, problem etc. has a big effect or influence on people’s lives or on events in the future
key
Advertising is a key element in the success of a product.
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very important or necessary
peripheral
There was an interview with a politician who only had a peripheral role in the negotiations.
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not as important as other things or people in a particular activity, idea or situation
overrated
The film was overrated by the media. The first one in the trilogy was much better.
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not as good or important as some people think or say
blind to something
He was totally blind to his childrenˈs faults.
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completely failing to notice or realise something
overflowing with
The waste bins were overflowing with plastic cups.
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so full that the liquid or material inside flows over the edges
peripheral to
The romance is peripheral to the main plot of the film.
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not as important as other things or people in (a particular activity, idea or situation)
vital to
These measures are vital to national security.
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extremely important and necessary for (something to succeed or exist)
famous for
France is famous for its cheese.
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known about by many people in many places because of (a particular feature)
superfluous to
The studio’s make-up artist is superfluous to requirements, because the actor has brought her own.
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unnecessary for
invisible to
The plane is meant to be invisible to radar.
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something that is invisible to someone cannot be seen by that person
free from
A lot of the patients are now free from symptoms.
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not suffering from (something)
reminiscent of
I always find the sound of a solo saxophone reminiscent of my student days in Vienna.
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reminding you of (something)
lacking in
He was lacking in confidence.
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not having enough of (something) or any of it
prone to
Some plants are very prone to disease.
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likely to do (something) or suffer from (something), especially something bad or harmful
contingent on
Further investment is contingent upon the company’s performance.
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depending on (something that may happen in the future)
engrossed in
Dad was engrossed in the paper and didn’t notice that Billy had spilled his cereal everywhere.
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so interested in (something) that you do not notice anything else
eligible for
Students on a part-time course are not eligible for a loan.
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someone who is eligible for something is able or allowed to do it, for example because they are the right age
resigned to
She’s resigned to spending the holiday on her own.
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calmly accepting (a situation that is bad, but that cannot be changed)
count for
His promises don’t count for much.
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to be important or valuable
susceptible to
Older people are more susceptible to infections.
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likely to suffer from (a particular illness) or be affected by (a particular problem)
acquaint someone with something
You need to acquaint the police with the facts.
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to give someone information about something
soul-destroying
Visiting my mother in hospital every day was soul-destroying.
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something that is soul-destroying is extremely boring or makes you feel very unhappy
go back to the drawing board
The current system just isn’t working – we need to go back to the drawing board and start afresh.
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if you go back to the drawing board, you start again with a completely new plan or idea, after the one you tried before has failed
pick yourself up
Nico was devastated when he didn’t get the job, but after a few days he picked himself up and started applying for other jobs.
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to improve life for yourself after a bad experience
sink without trace
He recorded a few albums, which all sank without trace.
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if something sinks without trace, it fails quickly or no one pays attention to it
fall flat
The headteacher’s attempt at a joke fell flat.
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if a joke, remark or performance falls flat, it fails to interest or amuse people
fight a losing battle
She was fighting a losing battle to stop herself from crying.
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to try to do something that you probably cannot succeed in doing
cut your losses
He decided to cut his losses and sell the business.
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to stop doing something that is failing, so that you do not waste any more money, time or effort
comfort zone
Kitesurfing is definitely going to take Dad out of his comfort zone!
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your comfort zone is the range of activities or situations that you feel happy and confident in
play it safe
Play it safe and make sure the eggs are thoroughly cooked.
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to avoid risks
throw caution to the winds
Throwing caution to the winds, she swung around to face whoever was following her.
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to stop worrying about danger and to take a big risk
go for it
If you really want the job, go for it!
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used to encourage someone to try to achieve something
hair-raising
There’s a hair-raising car chase in the middle of the film.
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frightening and dangerous in a way that is exciting
law-abiding
Most law-abiding citizens would never think of travelling without a train ticket.
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respectful of the law and obeying it
far-reaching
Tourism has had far-reaching effects on the island’s culture.
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having a great influence or effect
nerve-racking
Fran faced a nerve-racking wait for her test results.
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a nerve-racking situation makes you feel very nervous or worried
never-ending
Keeping the house clean is a never-ending battle.
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seeming to continue for a very long time
death-defying
They compete with death-defying dives from the top of the cliff.
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a death-defying action is very dangerous
soul-destroying
Picking fruit all summer long was soul-destroying.
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something that is soul-destroying is extremely boring or makes you feel very unhappy
breath-taking
The view from my bedroom window was absolutely breath-taking.
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very impressive, exciting or surprising
thought-provoking
I read a thought-provoking article about young professionals who feel isolated and lonely.
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making people think seriously about a particular subject
award-winning
I took Jed to an award-winning restaurant to celebrate his new job.
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used to describe something or someone that has won a prize or money
character-building
Rugby is a character-building sport.
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developing good moral qualities
time-consuming
Setting up the satellite equipment will be a complex and time-consuming process.
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taking a long time to do
back-breaking
Shifting all the rock was back-breaking work.
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very physically demanding
jaw-dropping
This mountainous region has jaw-dropping scenery.
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very impressive or surprising
awe-inspiring
His solo voyage across the Atlantic was awe-inspiring.
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extremely impressive in a way that makes you feel great respect
mouth-watering
A mouth-watering aroma was coming from the kitchen.
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food that is mouth-watering looks or smells extremely good
immaculate
Dan’s kitchen is always immaculate.
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very clean and tidy
refuse
There is a refuse collection twice a week. You just need to put your bin out in front of your house.
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waste material that has been thrown away
muck
Come on, let’s wipe that muck off your face.
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dirt, mud or another sticky substance that makes something dirty
hygienic
An inspector ensures that food is prepared in hygienic conditions.
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clean and likely to prevent bacteria, infections or disease from spreading
scrub
The table needs to be scrubbed clean.
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to rub (something) hard, especially with a stiff brush, in order to clean it
disinfect
Disinfect the area thoroughly once you have cleared away any food waste.
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to clean something with a chemical that destroys bacteria
debris
Clean the ventilation ducts to remove dust and insect debris.
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pieces of waste material, paper etc.
pristine
The car has been restored to pristine condition.
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something that is pristine is in the same condition as when it was first made
spruce up
The cottage had been spruced up a bit since her last visit.
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to make (yourself or something) look neater and tidier
flotsam
He would walk along the beach collecting the flotsam and jetsam that had been washed ashore.
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broken pieces of wood and other things from a wrecked ship, floating in the sea or scattered on the shore
remains
On the table were the remains of the evening meal.
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the parts of something that are left after the rest has been destroyed or has disappeared
spotless
By the time she had finished cleaning, the house was absolutely spotless.
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completely clean
be otherwise engaged
Rosie won’t be able to help me paint the living room because she is otherwise engaged this weekend.
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to be unable to do something because you are doing something else
be tied up
I can’t see you tomorrow – I’ll be tied up all day setting up the conference.
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to be very busy, so that you cannot do anything else
play up
My knee’s been playing (me) up this week.
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to hurt you or cause problems for you
be out of your depth
I felt completely out of my depth at the meeting.
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to be involved in a situation or activity that is too difficult for you to understand or deal with
crop up
Sorry, I’ll be late this evening because a problem has cropped up at work.
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if a problem crops up, it happens or appears suddenly and in an unexpected way
hectic
I’ve had a pretty hectic day: there were 12 unexpected bookings.
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very busy or full of activity
urgent
Health chiefs have called an urgent meeting to discuss the problem.
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very important and needing to be dealt with immediately
be out of someone’s hands
The matter is out of our hands now; you’ll have to speak to the police about it.
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to not be someone’s responsibility any more
have a lot on your plate
I don’t think we should ask Munir. He’s got a lot on his plate at the moment.
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to have a lot of problems to deal with or a large amount of work to do
pop out
Leo has just popped out to get some milk.
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to go somewhere for a short time
have an almighty backlog
Georgia’s been off sick for two weeks, so she’s got an almighty backlog to get through.
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to have an enormous amount of work that you need to complete, especially work that should already have been completed
be snowed under
The sales department is always snowed under at this time of year.
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to have more work than you can deal with
out of someone’s way
Do you mind dropping me off? Isn’t it out of your way?
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not in the same direction as someone is going
an awkward moment
This is an awkward moment because Mrs Parkes is on the phone. Would you mind coming back in ten minutes?
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a time that is not convenient
for personal reasons
Sandy won’t be able to attend the dinner for personal reasons.
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because of things relating to the private areas of your life
underlying
Stress is the underlying cause of many illnesses.
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used to describe the cause, idea, reason etc. that is the most important, although it is not easily noticed
resonate
Improving transport links is an idea that resonates with many voters in the north of the country.
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if something such as an event or a message resonates, it seems important or good to people
tie into
How does all this tie into their long-term aims?
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to be related to in some way
backdrop
The film portrays a love story set against a backdrop of war and despair.
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the conditions or situation in which something happens
echo
The article simply echoed environmentalists’ concerns about greenhouse gases.
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to repeat an idea or opinion because you agree with it
spring from something
The bird’s behaviour is thought to spring from its need to protect its young.
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to be caused by something or start from something
evoke
His appearance is bound to evoke sympathy.
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to produce a strong feeling or memory in someone
be bound to
You're bound to forget people's names occasionally. You're bound to feel nervous about your interview.
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certain or extremely likely to happen:
reflect
The drop in consumer spending reflects concern about the economy.
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to show or be a sign of a particular situation or feeling
knock-on effect
Rises in the price of fuel will have a knock-on effect on the cost of living.
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a process in which everything that happens causes something else to happen
mirror
Victor’s expression mirrored her own, both of them staring in amazement.
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if one thing mirrors another, it is very similar to it and may seem to copy or represent it
explore
I’m going to explore the possibility of a part-time job.
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to discuss or think about (something) carefully
tap into
The programme helps young people tap into training opportunities.
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to make as much use as possible of the ideas, experience, knowledge etc. that a group of people has
austerity
An austerity programme may help to restore economic stability, but it needs to be balanced by social support.
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when a government has a deliberate policy of trying to reduce the amount of money it spends
the breadline
Meals provided in schools are vital to families living on the breadline.
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a very low level of income that allows people to eat but not have any extra things
downtrodden
The report highlights that the factory workers are underpaid and downtrodden.
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downtrodden people are treated badly and without respect by people who have power over them
disaffected
Disaffected young people from poor neighbourhoods are not motivated to vote in the upcoming elections.
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not satisfied with your government, leader etc., and therefore no longer loyal to them or no longer believing they can help you
food bank
The supermarket encourages shoppers to donate a few extra items to the food bank.
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a place that gives food to poor people
safety net
State support should provide a safety net for the very poor.
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a system or arrangement that exists to help you if you have serious problems or get into a difficult situation
glass ceiling
The appointment of the first female chief of police is an important step in shattering the glass ceiling.
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the attitudes and practices that prevent particular groups from getting high-level jobs, even though there are no actual laws or rules to stop them
discriminatory
The company is now being investigated for discriminatory hiring practices.
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treating a person or a group of people differently from other people, in an unfair way
multicultural
The make-up of the senior governing body does not reflect the multicultural society it represents.
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involving or including people or ideas from many different countries, races or religions
racism
Real progress cannot be made in wider society until we have addressed the problem of racism in schools.
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unfair treatment of people, or violence against them, because they belong to a different race from your own
outreach
Outreach centres have been set up to offer long-term support to families who lost their homes in the tsunami.
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when help, advice or other services are provided for people who would not otherwise get these services easily
marginalised
Many young people in inner city districts feel marginalised by society before they even leave school.
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if a person or a group of people is marginalised, they are regarded as unimportant and powerless in an unfair way
squatter
Increasingly, empty office buildings are being occupied by squatters.
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someone who lives in an empty building or on a piece of land without permission and without paying rent
entitlement
Do you need advice on your entitlement to state benefits?
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the official right to have or do something, or the amount that you have a right to receive
taboo
Sometimes we need to talk about taboo subjects, so that we can address the underlying issues.
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a taboo subject, word, activity etc. is one that people avoid because it is extremely offensive or embarrassing
politically correct
Government leaflets are always full of politically correct phrases.
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language, behaviour and attitudes that are politically correct are carefully chosen so that they do not offend or insult anyone
comply with
Failure to comply with the regulations will result in prosecution.
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to do what you have to do or are asked to do
severe penalty
Drug dealers face severe penalties.
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a very strict punishment for breaking a law, rule or legal agreement
curb
Measures to curb the spread of the virus were introduced too late.
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to control or limit (something) in order to prevent it from having a harmful effect
restrict
The agreement will restrict competition.
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to limit or control the size, amount or range of (something)
breach
The company accused him of breaching his contract.
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to break (a law, rule or agreement)
go unpunished
An attack like that cannot go unpunished.
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if someone or something bad they have done goes unpunished, they are not punished
unauthorised
Unauthorised personnel are not allowed on the premises.
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without official approval or permission
face the consequences
He broke the law, and he will have to face the consequences.
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to accept the bad results of something you have done
violate
The report revealed conditions in the factory that violate workers’ rights.
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to disobey or do something against (an official agreement, law, principle etc.)
face sanctions
The company will have to face any sanctions the regulators decide to impose.
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to accept or be threatened with a form of punishment that can be used if someone disobeys a rule or law
ban
Charlie’s been banned from driving for a year.
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to say that (something) must not be done, seen, used etc.
evasion
He is in prison for tax evasion.
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when you deliberately avoid doing something that you should do, or paying an amount of money that you should pay
freeze
The court froze their assets.
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to legally prevent money in a bank from being spent, property from being sold etc.
monitor content
In some countries the government monitors the content of all TV channels.
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to carefully watch and check the ideas, facts or opinions that are contained in a speech, piece of writing, film, programme etc.
self-regulation
Self-regulation has been welcomed by the charity, although it has created a lot of extra work.
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used to describe a system, industry or organisation that controls itself, rather than having an independent organisation or laws to make sure that rules are obeyed
jingle
He started his career writing advertising jingles, before moving on to composing film scores.
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a short song used in advertisements
celebrity endorsement
You always see more celebrity endorsements in the lead-up to the Olympics.
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a statement made by a famous person in an advertisement saying that they like and use a particular product
tie-in
The film was such a hit that toy shops all sold out of the tie-ins.
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a product such as a record, book or toy that is related to a new film, TV show etc.
click-and-collect
There’s always an increased demand for click-and-collect before a public holiday.
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the practice of ordering or buying goods on the internet and then picking them up from a shop
scan-and-shop
Most supermarkets randomly check scan-and-shop transactions.
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a system where you use a handset to scan goods as you shop, then pay for them at the checkout
viral advertising
You can reach more potential customers by using viral advertising techniques.
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a type of advertising used by internet companies in which computer users pass on advertising messages or images through email, sometimes without realising that they are doing this
promo
Have you seen the promo for this year’s Sziget festival?
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a short film that advertises an event or product
niche marketing
The internet has facilitated both the analysis and delivery of niche marketing.
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selling a product or service that does not have many buyers, but that may provide good profits for companies that sell it
slogan
She launched her campaign with the slogan ’Let’s keep moving’.
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a short phrase that is easy to remember and is used in advertisements, or by politicians, organisations etc.
no-quibble returns policy
Most retailers have a no-quibble returns policy within 28 days, as long as the customer can show a receipt.
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a way of allowing a customer to give a product back to a shop and receive their money back without having to give a specific reason
bland
I found the sauce rather bland.
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food that is bland has very little taste
captivating
The little boy won the audience over with his captivating smile.
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very attractive and interesting, in a way that holds your attention
catchy
The tune is catchy, but the lyrics are meaningless.
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a catchy tune or phrase is easy to remember
clumsy
She was very clumsy and was always knocking chairs over.
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moving or doing things in a careless way, especially so that you drop things, knock into things etc.
corny
I know it sounds corny, but I dream about her every night.
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too silly and repeated too often to be funny or interesting
fitting
The beach party was a fitting end to what was a memorable trip.
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right for a particular situation or occasion
inventive
The new marketing director seems to have a more inventive approach.
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able to think of new, different or interesting ideas
novel
Holding the meeting outdoors is a novel solution.
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not like anything known before, and unusual or interesting
quirky
I like his quirky sense of humour.
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unusual, especially in an interesting way
run-of-the-mill
The film is enjoyable, but just another run-of-the-mill adaptation of a classic novel.
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not special or interesting in any way
repulsive
Many people find slugs repulsive.
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extremely unpleasant, in a way that almost makes you feel sick
stale
He was becoming stale and running out of ideas.
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food that is stale is no longer fresh or good to eat; if you get stale, you have no new ideas, interest or energy, because you have been doing the same thing for too long
surreal
The plant’s flowers were so big that they seemed almost surreal.
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a situation or experience that is surreal is very strange and difficult to understand, like something from a dream
witty
Jack wrote a witty letter in response to their criticism.
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using words in a clever and amusing way
get a lot of flak (for something)
The health minister has got a lot of flak for his handling of the crisis.
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to receive strong criticism (about something)
set your sights on something
He set his sights on crossing the Pacific in a kayak.
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to want very much to have or achieve something, or to be determined to do somethingto want very much to have or achieve something, or to be determined to do something
a minefield
The guide helps you pick your way through the minefield of buying a new car.
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a situation in which there are a lot of dangers and difficulties, and it is difficult to make the right decision
a double-edged sword
Being famous is often a double-edged sword.
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something that seems to be good, but that can have a bad effect
be going great guns
After a slow start, the Tigers are going great guns.
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to be doing something extremely well
a long shot
I know it’s a long shot, but maybe someone has handed your camera in to the police.
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someone or something with very little chance of success
up in arms
Residents are up in arms about plans for a new road along the beach.
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very angry and ready to argue or fight
stick to your guns
They can’t force you to get on a plane, so stick to your guns and go by car, if that’s what you want.
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to refuse to change your mind about something, even though other people are trying to persuade you that you are wrong
fight a losing battle
They are fighting a losing battle, protesting about the new ring road.
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to try to do something that you probably cannot succeed in doing
as the crow flies
The castle is ten miles from here as the crow flies.
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in a straight line
steer clear of
It’s best to steer clear of the town centre on a Saturday night.
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to avoid (someone or something unpleasant or difficult)
get away from it all
I just need to get away from it all for a couple of weeks. Things have been a bit stressful recently.
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to have a relaxing holiday
follow the herd
You have to be an individual; it’s no use following the herd.
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to go where people generally go, or do the same thing that most other people are doing, without really thinking about it for yourself – used to show disapproval
go with your gut
For some reason I didn’t trust her, so I went with my gut and refused her offer.
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to do what you are sure is right, although you cannot give a reason for it
the great outdoors
My mum has always had a taste for adventure in the great outdoors.
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the countryside far away from buildings and cities
take the scenic route
The motorway will be busy at this time. Let’s take the scenic route home.
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to go somewhere by a longer way than usual, especially one that goes through beautiful or interesting areas
in the middle of nowhere
They live miles away, in the middle of nowhere.
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a long way from the nearest big town
the back of beyond
It’s a nice little cottage but it really is in the back of beyond.
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a place that is a long way from other places and is difficult to get to
retrace your steps
After a few minutes, he turned around and began to retrace his steps.
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to go back exactly the way you have come
capsize
Their dinghy capsized just outside the harbour.
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if a boat capsizes, or if you capsize it, it turns over in the water
collide
A car and a van collided on the motorway.
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to hit something or someone that is moving in a different direction from you
congested
São Paulo’s roads are heavily congested.
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full of traffic
gridlock
Gridlock is reported in the streets of Moscow this evening.
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a situation in which streets in a city are so full of cars that they cannot move
grounded
All planes are grounded until the fog clears.
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of an aircraft or pilot, prevented from flying
impassable
The road through the mountains is impassable because of a landslide.
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a road, path or area that is impassable is impossible to travel along or through
jetlag
I’m suffering from jetlag but I’ll feel better after a good night’s sleep.
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the tired and confused feeling that you can get after flying a very long distance, especially because of the difference in time between the place you left and the place you arrived at
puncture
She was cycling home when she had a puncture.
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a small hole made accidentally in a tyre
seize up
The mechanism had seized up.
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if an engine or part of a machine seizes up, its moving parts stop working and can no longer move, for example because of lack of oil
be shipwrecked
Beatty was shipwrecked off the coast of Africa.
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if someone is shipwrecked, they are in a boat or ship when it is destroyed in an accident
be stranded
Air travellers were left stranded because of icy conditions.
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a person or vehicle that is stranded is unable to move from the place where they are
write-off
It will cost far too much to repair the damage to the car, so it’s a complete write-off.
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a vehicle that has been so badly damaged that it can never be used again
scam
He got involved in a credit card scam.
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a clever but dishonest way to get money
see through
I could never lie to her because I know she’d see through me straight away.
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to realise that (someone) is trying to deceive you
bogus
Patrick’s job is to investigate bogus insurance claims.
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not true or real, although someone is trying to make you think it is
be taken in
Don’t be taken in by products claiming to help you lose weight in a week.
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to be completely deceived by someone who lies to you
ruse
Liz tried to think of a ruse to get Paul out of the house.
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a clever trick used to deceive someone
ploy
His usual ploy is to pretend he’s ill.
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a clever and dishonest way of tricking someone so that you can get an advantage
scammer
Recently, scammers have been visiting elderly people’s homes in our neighbourhood.
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someone who deceives someone in order to get money from them
gullible
Plastic replicas of the Greek pottery are sold to gullible tourists.
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too ready to believe what other people tell you, so that you are easily tricked
streetwise
Children in these urban areas learn to be streetwise at a very young age.
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able to deal with the dangerous situations and people that are common in some cities and towns
discerning
The company organises cultural tours for the discerning traveller.
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showing the ability to make good judgements, especially about art, music, style etc.

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