pragmatics

pragmatics

what people mean by their utterances rather than what the words or phrases mean by themselves; it is linked with discourse analysis

context

the circumstances and the audience or the public; it is the discourse that surrounds a language unit and helps to determine its interpretation

types of contexts

linguistic and physical

linguistics context

a set of other words used in the same phrase or context

physical context

interpretation based on the physical environment in which the meaning is interpreted

invisible meaning

meaning that is hidden behind the meanings of words and the meanings of sentences out of context

deixis

specifying functions of words

deictic expressions

expressions which cannot be interpreted without reference to physical context; they include person deixis and social deixis

person deixis

I: the speaker, you: the addressee, he/she/it: neither the speaker or addressee

social diexis

refers to the social status of participants(honorific forms)

place/spatial deixis

here there this that - indicate physical distance from the speaker

time dexis/temporal

now then - used to describe location in time

reference

an act in which speaker or a writer uses linguistic forms to enable a listener or reader to identify something (words themselves do not refer to anything, people do!!!)

referring expressions

linguistic forms like proper nouns, definite or indefinite noun phrases and pronouns

inference

its role in communication is to allow the listener to identify correctly which particular entity the speaker is referring to

anaphora

„reffering back”, it is realized by expressions used to mantain reference to something or someone already mentioned (the boy-he) - the boy is called antecedent in this relationship

cataphora

„referring forward”, (if you need one, there is a towel there)

presupposition

the knowledge the speaker assumes the listener has; we take certain things for granted to communicate new things

speech acts

are groups of utterances with a single interactional function

linguistics form and functions

imperative mood (commands), indicative mood (statements), interrogative mood (questions)

felicity (happiness) conditions

speakers do the interpreting in very specific condictions which are conducive(sprzyjajace) to appropriate interpretations of speech acts, this conditions are called

politeness

an intention to be polite and not hurt someone’s face

face

one’s self-image which may be threatened or saved in language interaction by face-threatening or face-saving acts