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value

the amount of money that something is worth value of

principle

a moral rule or belief about what is right and wrong, that influences how you behave

former period

a period happening or existing before, but not now

agitation

poruszenie - public argument or action for social or political change

juncture

połączenie - a particular point in an activity or period of time

dazzling

olśniewający - very impressive and attractive

in perpetuity

forever

interference

zakłócenia - obstruction

proprietor

an owner of a business

sole

only

instinctive

based on instinct and not involving thought

conceptualise

określić - to form an idea

urgent

pilny - very important and needing to be dealt with immediately

insurrection

bunt - rebellion

mired

uwikłany - stuck in a bad situation and unable to get out or make progress

riot

rozróba - a situation in which a large crowd of people are behaving in a violent and uncontrolled way, especially when they are protesting about something

handloom

krosno ręczne - a small machine for weaving by hand

boycott

to refuse to buy something, use something, or take part in something as a way of protesting

prosperous

bogaty - rich and successful

MP

member of parliament

overhaul

przegląd - to repair or change the necessary parts in a machine, system etc that is not working correctly

rotten

terrible

combustible

able to bun easily

essayist

someone who writes essays giving their ideas about politics, society etc

topsy-turvy

in a state of complete disorder or confusion

miagistrate

sędzia pokoju - someone, not usually a lawyer, who works as a judge in a local court of law, dealing with less serious crimes

intimidate

to frighten or threaten someone into making them do what you want

cavalry

the part of an army that fights on horses, especially in the past

troop

oddział - a group of soldiers, especially on horses or in tanks

sabre

szabla - a light pointed sword with one sharp edge used in fencing

impact

the effect or influence that an event, situation etc has on someone or something

breakup

the separation of a group, organization, or country into smaller parts

concerned

involved in something or affected by it

bloodshed

rozlew krwi - the killing of people, usually in fighting or war

thus

as a result of something that you have just mentioned

hold to account

To require a person to explain or to accept responsibility for his or her actions; to blame or punish someone for what has occurred.

relentless

niepowstrzymany - strict, cruel, or determined, without ever stopping

agitate

poruszać - to argue strongly in public for something you want, especially a political or social change

devote

dedicate

enlightenment

oświecenie - when you understand something clearly, or when you help someone do this

prevail

dominować - if a belief, custom, situation etc prevails, it exists among a group of people at a certain time

manifesto

a written statement by a political party, saying what they believe in and what they intend to do

immense

enormous

utmost

największe, najawyższe

beneficial

zbawienny - having a good effect

articulate

to express your ideas or feelings in words

wholly

completely

starved

sed to describe organizations or industries that have very little cash, credit etc

sublime

patetyczny - something that is sublime is so good or beautiful that it affects you deeply

surpass

to be even better or greater than someone or something else

complacency

samozadowolenie - a feeling of satisfaction with a situation or with what you have achieved, so that you stop trying to improve or change things – used to show disapproval

commitment

a promise to do something or to behave in a particular way

contentious

controversial

rampant

szalony, wybujały - if something bad, such as crime or disease, is rampant, there is a lot of it and it is very difficult to control

jingoism

nationalism

traitor

someone who is not loyal to their country, friends, or beliefs

concentration camp

a prison where political prisoners and other people who are not soldiers are kept and treated cruelly, especially during a war

be on the verge of something

być na skraju - to be at the point where something is about to happen

brass band

a band consisting mostly of brass musical instruments such as trumpets, horns etc

mournful

very sad

couragerous

very brave

misstep

a mistake, especially one that is caused by not understanding a situation correctly

disparage

ubliżać - to criticize someone or something in a way that shows you do not think they are very good or important

be loath to do smth

to be unwilling to do something

in the midst of something

if you are in the midst of an event or situation, it is happening around you

decree

dekret - an official order or decision, especially one made by the ruler of a country

courage

bravery

fairness

the quality of being fair

conviction

a very strong belief or opinion

exemplify

to be a very typical example of something

enshrine

if something such as a tradition or right is enshrined in something, it is preserved and protected so that people will remember and respect it

sibling

brother or sister

enduring

continuing for a very long time

uphold

to defend or support a law, system, or principle so that it continues to exist

egalitarian

based on the belief that everyone is equal and should have equal rights

top-down

a top-down way of organizing a business is one in which the most important people make decisions and tell the people below them what they should do

utopia

an imaginary perfect world where everyone is happy

misogynist

a man who hates women

vast

huge

binge

a short period when you do too much of something, such as eating or drinking

revenue

income

churn something out

to produce large quantities of something, especially without caring about quality

malevolent

a malevolent person wants to harm other people

plume

a cloud of smoke, dust etc which rises up into the air

remarkable

unusual or surprising and therefore deserving attention or praise

blip

a short high electronic sound, or a flashing light on the screen of a piece of electronic equipment

contempt

pogarda - a feeling that someone or something is not important and deserves no respect

outrage

a feeling of great anger and shock

collectively

as a group

worsen

to become worse, or make something worse

lag

to move or develop more slowly than others

adverse

not good or favourable

inevitably

nieuchronnie - used for saying that something is certain to happen and cannot be avoided

privilege

a special advantage that is given only to one person or group of people

forewarn

to warn someone about something dangerous, unpleasant, or unexpected before it happens

distant from smth

different from something or not closely connected with it

necessity

something that you need to have in order to live

anxious

worried about something

precipitate

haste

upheaval

przewrót - a very big change that often causes problems

unstustainable

unable to continue at the same rate or in the same way

vilify

szkalować - to say or write bad things about someone or something

backlash

a strong negative reaction by a number of people against recent events, especially against political or social developments

resentment

rozgoryczenie - a feeling of anger because something has happened that you think is unfair

decent

of a good enough standard or quality

atomize

to divide something so that it is no longer whole or united

togetherness

the pleasant feeling you have when you are part of a group of people who have a close relationship with each other

gig economy

In a gig economy, temporary, flexible jobs are commonplace and companies tend toward hiring independent contractors and freelancers instead of full-time employees.

fertile

żyzny - fertile land or soil is able to produce good crops

foster

promote

amid

while noisy, busy, or confused events are happening – used in writing or news reports

contextualise

rozpatrzeć w szerszym kontekście - to consider something together with the situation, events, or information related to it, rather than alone

despair

a feeling that you have no hope at all

escapism

activities or entertainment that help you forget about bad or boring things for a short time

to bury

to put something under the ground, often in order to hide it

torn down

zburzyć - to demolish

fossil fuel

paliwo kopalne - a fuel such as coal or oil that is produced by the very gradual decaying of animals or plants over millions of years

encrypt

to protect information by putting it into a special code that only some people can read, especially information that is on a computer

merely

only

embrace

hug

tumultuous

full of activity, confusion, or violence

nuance

a very slight, hardly noticeable difference in manner, colour, meaning etc

certainty

pewność - the state of being completely certain

neglect

zaniedbanie - to fail to look after someone or something properly

ballot box

a box that ballot papers are put in after voting

life-affirming

making you feel good about life and the world generally

rigorous

careful, thorough, and exact

bias

an opinion about whether a person, group, or idea is good or bad that influences how you deal with it

underpin

to give strength or support to something and to help it succeed

grapple with smth

to try hard to deal with or understand something difficult