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Domanda English Risposta English
Founder of modern structuralist linguistics
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Ferdinand de Saussure
Two components of a linguistic sign
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Signifier (form/sound) and Signified (concept/meaning)
Meaning of “langue”
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The abstract system of a language (rules and structure shared by a speech community)
What generates meaning?
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Differences and relationships between linguistic elements (not individual words alone)
Best description of functional linguistics
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Language is shaped by its communicative functions and use in context
“Can you pass the salt?” functions as
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A request
Participant who performs the action (Role and Reference Grammar)
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Actor
Undergoer in “The dog chased the cat”
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The cat
Why use passive voice?
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To omit the agent, focus on the result, or when the agent is unknown/irrelevant
Purpose of Formal Language Theory
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To describe language using formal rules, grammars, and mathematical models
Dependency in “neither... nor”
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Correlative (paired) dependency
Why regular languages are insufficient
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They cannot handle hierarchical and recursive structures
Definition of Universal grammar
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An innate set of linguistic principles shared by all humans
Words heard by age 5
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around 30 milion
Scholars arguing languages differ fundamentally
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Functionalists / usage-based theorists (e.g., Michael Tomasello)
Alternative to Universal Grammar
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Usage-based / emergentist approaches to language acquisition
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English

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