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metaphor

refernece to one thing as another, implying a comparison (life is a rollercoaster)

simile

explocit comparison of one thing to another (my love is like a red rose)

synecdoche

a whole is represented by naming one of its parts (look at my new wheels - car)

metonomy

reference to something or someone by naming one of its attributes (we’re waiting for the crown - queen)

antanaclasis

repetition of a word in two different senses (while we live, let us live)

paronomasia

using words that sound alike but that differ in meaning (nadal / rafael nadal)

syllepsis

using a word differently in relation to two or more words that it modofies or governs (you held your breath and the door for me)

onomatopeia

use of words whose sound correspond with their semantic values (buzzing ‘zzzz’)

anthimeria

substitution of one part of speech for another (noun used as a verb)

periphrasis

substitution of a descriptive word or phrase for a proper name or of a proper name for a quality associated with the name (dad = not-the-mama)

auxesis

reference to smth with a name disproportionately greater than its nature / kind of hyperbole (look at this wound - scratch)

litotes

understatement used deliberately (it’s just a scratch - big wound)

meiosis

reference to smth with a name disproportionately lesser than its nature / a kind of litotes) (its just a flesh wound - amputated leg)

paradox

an apparent contradictory statement that contains a measure of truth (whosoever loses his life, shall find it)

parallelism

similarity of structure in a pair or series of related words, phrases, clauses (pastry is fluffy, sweet, delicious; cod are cheap, trout are expensive, but salmon is the best)

isocolon

a series of similarly structured elements having the same length (veni, vidi, vici)

tricolon

three parallel elements of the same length occurring together in a series (veni, vidi, vici)

antithesis

juxtaposition of contrasting words or ideas (it can’t be wrong if it feels so right)

climax

arrangement of words, phrases, clauses in an order of increasing importance

anastrophe

inversion of natural word order (troubles, everybody’s got)

parenthesis

insertion of a verbal unit that interrupts normal syntactical flow (wtrącenia)

apposition

addition of a coordinate, explanatory, descriptive elements (Einstein, perhaps the greatest of scientists, seemed not to master the physics of hair combing)

ellipsis

omission of a word or words readily implied by context

asyndeton

omission of conjuctions between a series of clauses, often resulting in a hurried rhytm (veni, vidi, vici)

brachylogia

omission of conjuctions between a series of words resulting in broken, hurried delivery (rise! eat! leave!)

polysyndeton (przeciwieństwo asyndeton)

a lot of conjuctions (and, and, and)

alliteration

repetition of the same letter or sound within nearby words (Why not Waste a Wild Weekend)

assonance

repetition of similar vowel sounds, preceded and followed by different consonants/spółgłoski (bOmb the lAWn with hOtpOts)

polyptoton

repetition of words derived form the same root (feeding food)

anaphora

repetition of the same word or group of words at the beginning of succesive clauses

epistrophe (≠ anaphora)

repetition of the same words or group of words at the end

epanalepsis (≠ anadiplosis)

repetition at the end of a clause of the word that occured at the beginning of the clause (Believe not your ears, but your eyes believe)

anadiplosis (≠ epanalepsis)

repetition of the last word of one clause at the beginning of the following clause (be loved, but love as well)

antimetabole

repetition of the same words in reverse grammatical order (wieśniak z wsi wyjedzie, ale wieś z wieśniaka nigdy)

chiasmus

repetition of grammatical structures in inverted order (it is boring to eat, to sleep is fulfilling)