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Social schema

a cognitive structure that represents knowledge about a concept or type of stimulus, including its attributes and the relations among these attributes” (Fiske & Taylor, 1991)

Pygmalion effect

psychological phenomenon in which high expectations lead to improved performance in a given area

Stroop task

When the name of a color is printed in a color not denoted by the name (e.g., the word "red" printed in blue ink instead of red ink), naming the color of the word takes longer and is more prone to errors.

Self-fulfilling prophecies

in the beginning, a false definition of the situation evoking a new behaviour which makes the original false conception come 'true'. This specious validity of the self-fulfilling prophecy perpetuates a reign of error.

hindsight bias

The inclination to see events that have occurred as more predictable than they in fact were before they took place Fischhoff (1975).

Priming

increased sensitivity to certain stimuli due to prior experience. Because priming is believed to occur outside of conscious awareness, it is different from memory that relies on the direct retrieval of information. (Jacoby, 1983).

Confirmation bias

Confirmation bias

Fundamental attribution error

The tendency to highly value dispositional or personality-based attributions while under-valuing situational attributions for others behaviors

Attitude

mental and neural state of readiness, organized through experiences, exerting a direct or dynamic influence upon the individual's response to all objects and situations with which it is related

Bogus Pipeline

People attached to the false lie detector

Trust

Belief that people are of good nature, that you can rely on them, that they intend to help rather than to harm or exploit in any situation

Mistrust

„Cynical thinking about the human nature, stressing the universal egoism as well as stupidity of those who trust other people and perform good deeds

Deindividuation

Loss of a sense of individuality (often claimed to be accompanied by a reduction of normal constraints against deviant behavior).

Ingroup bias

Unreasonable or unjustifiable instances of favouring the ingroup over the outgroup and discrimination that does not benefit directly members of the ingroup

social identity

The part of the individual’s self-concept which drives from knowledge of membership of a social group or groups together with the value and emotional significante attached to that membership” (Tajfel, 1981)

social identification

The centrality and evaluative importance of group membership in self-definition” (Turner, 1987)

• Depersonalization

Shifting identification from „I” to „we” and „us”, perceiving self as an interchangeable member of a social category