Moja lekcja

booklet

small thin book with a soft cover, often giving information about something

novel

a long written story about imaginary or partly imaginary characters and events

forecast

a prediction of the future

broadcast

transmission

bulletin

a short news broadcast

coverage

news about something on television or radio or in the newspapers

edition

version, specific issue

mass media

Forms of communication, such as newspapers and radio, that reach millions of people.

campaign

A series of actions intended to accomplish a goal

brochure

small, thin book like a magazine, which gives information, often about travel, or a company, etc.

subliminal messages

Words or pictures that are not consciously perceived but may nevertheless influence people's judgments, attitudes, and behaviors

to negate

to deny

glued to

Giving all his attention to

sensationalize

to write or talk about an event in a way that makes it seem as exciting and shocking as possible

on average

not special or unusual; oridinary

increasingly

more and more

fiction

A story that is not true or is made up

illegible

difficult to read

gist

the main point/idea

unprintable

too offensive or shocking to be published

literature

written works, especially those considered of superior or lasting artistic merit.

shorthand

a quick way of writing that uses symbols to represent letters, words, or phrases, used especially when you write what someone is saying as they are talking

illiterate

unable to read or write

prose

written language in its ordinary form rather than poetry

manuscript

the original copy of a book or article before it is printed

outline

the main shape or edge of something, without any details

reporting

articles in newspapers or on television about particular subjects

circulation

the number of copies of a newspaper or magazine that are sold every day, week, or month (nakład)

out of print

no longer available to buy because new copies are no longer being produced

correspondent

a person employed by a newspaper, a television station, etc. to report on a particular subject or send reports from a foreign country

journalist

a person who writes news stories or articles for a newspaper or magazine or broadcasts them on radio or television

output

the amount of something produced by a person, machine, or industry

publication

a published work

banning

the act of forbidding something

censorship

the banning of printed materials or films due to alarming or offensive ideas

intended

planned or meant

target

a person who is the object of an intentional action

population

all the people living in a particular country, area, or place

public

community

calmly

in a quiet and peaceful manner

blankly

without expression or understanding

spoonful

as much as a spoon can hold

headlong

With great speed or force; reckless

terrifying

very frightening

controversial

causing disagreement or discussion

unacceptable

not acceptable

implication

an occasion when you seem to suggest something without saying it directly

interpretation

an explanation or opinion of what something means

subconscious

not fully aware

encouragement

the act of giving hope or support to someone

lifeless

martwy, bez życia

lifelong

dożywotni, na całe życie

long-life

o przedłużonej trwałości

lowlife

podlec, zwyrodnialec

love life

życie miłosne

life lessons

lekcje życia

lust for life

chęć do życia

the love of my life

miłość mojego życia

loss of life

utrata życia, tu: ofiary w ludziach

a new lease of life

nowe życie

lifelong learning

nauka przez całe życie

live a life of luxury

wieść luksusowe życie

live life in the fast lane

wieść życie na pełne wrażeń (często też niebezpieczeństwa)

lay down my life

oddać swoje życie

larger than life

larger than life

leading a double life

prowadzić podwójne życie

when life gives you lemons, make lemonade

widzieć pozytywy w negatywnej sytuacji

shelf life

okres przydatności

after life

życie po śmierci

life force

siła życia

still life

martwa natura

real life

prawdziwe życie

full of life

pełen życia

obituaries

descriptions of the lives of people who have just died

leader/editorial

an article giving the newspaper editor's opinion

classified ads

pages of advertisements in different categories

supplements

separate magazines included with the newspaper

feature

an article or set of articles devoted to a particular topic

agony column

section in a paper or magazine that deal with readers' private emotional problems

agony aunt

person, typically a woman, who answers letters in the agony column

pamphlet

a small book dealing with specific topic, often political

leaflet

single sheet or folded sheets of paper giving information about something

brochure

small, thin book like a magazine, which gives information, often about travel, or a company, etc.

prospectus

small, thin book like a magazine, which gives information about a school, college or university, or a company

flyer

single sheet giving information about some event, special offer, etc., often given out in the street

booklet

small thin book with a soft cover, often giving information about something

manual

book of detailed instructions how to use something

book spine

The part of the book where all the pages are joined together (grzbiet książki)

book jacket

a removable paper cover, usually illustrated, for protecting the binding of a book and usually giving information about the book and the author

subscription

a payment for consecutive issues of a newspaper or magazine for a given period of time

foreword

Before Chapter I, there is a brief foreword in which the author explains why he wrote the book.

magazine issue

edition, publication

binder

holder, folder (segregator)

edition

version, specific issue

quarterly

every three months

ghost writer

a person who writes for another without getting the credit

desktop publishing

published using a home computer to design it

facsimile

an exact copy

to list

To make a record of short pieces of information

expose

to put something out for others to see

draw attention to

to make someone notice something

to give the lowdown on

to present the most important informations about somehting

packed with

filled with/full of

small print

text in a formal agreement that is printed smaller than the rest of the text, sometimes in the hope that it will not be noticed

dumbing down

the act of making something simpler and easier for people to understand, especially in order to make it more popular

fake news

false stories that appear to be news, spread on the internet or using other media, usually created to influence political views or as a joke

going viral

used to describe something that quickly becomes very popular or well known by being published on the internet or sent from person to person by email, phone, etc.

clickbait

articles, photographs, etc. on the internet that are intended to attract attention and encourage people to click on links to particular websites

echo chamber

a situation in which people only hear opinions of one type, or opinions that are similar to their own:

filter bubble

a situation in which someone only hears or sees news and information that supports what they already believe and like, especially a situation created on the internet as a result of algorithms (= sets of rules) that choose the results of someone's searches

listicles

a newspaper, magazine, or online article that is in the form of a list

Fifteen Minutes of Fame

a brief period when someone becomes famous for something unimportant

stifling (to stifle)

to cut off, hold back, or smother (?)

pressure groups

people trying to influence what other people think about a particular issue

to air views

to express opinion

seek publicity

want to reach a wider audience

press conference

meetings to give information to and answer questions from the press

issue a statement/press release

give a formal announcement to the press

sound bite

short memorable sentence or phrase that will be repeated in news bulletins and articles

silly season

time of year, when there is not much happening and trivial stories end up on the front page

tapping useful sources

making use of people or organisations which regularly provide news

monitoring

regularly checking

column inch

space

put their own gloss/spin on a story

present a story in a particular way

muck-raking

collecting scandal (informal and disapproving)

a rag

a newspaper or magazine that is considered to be of bad quality

the gutter press

the type of newspapers that pay more attention to shocking stories about crime and sex than to serious matters

a glossy

expensive magazine printed on good quality paper

a copy

a copy

a deadline

A date or time when a project, report, or assignment must be finished.

goes to press

it starts to be printed

stop press column

a place in a newspaper where very recent pieces of news are printed

hot of the press

a very new newspaper or story

an exclusive

a story that is only to be found in one newspaper

a scoop

a story discovered and published by one newspaper before all the others

hit the headlines

get a lot of publicity from the media

story breaks

becomes public knowledge

receive a lot of coverage

receive a lot of space in the press

libel

written defamation

defamation of character

wrongfully hurting a person's good reputation

back copies

previous issues of newspapers

newspaper cuttings

newspaper cuttings

innovative

original and interesting

unsurpassed

the best there is

leave other cars standing

are much better than other cars

put/leave other candidates in the shade

make candidates seem insignificant

rock-bottom prices

extremely low

slashed

dramatically reduced

bargains galore

a huge number of products on sale at ridiculously low prices

pamper yourself

treat yourself to something luxurious

indulge yourself

allow yourself something enjoyable

sumptuous

costly, rich, magnificent (food and furnishing)

opulent

rich, luxurious; wealthy (lifestyle)

in the lap of luxury

in a very luxurious way

scientifically designed

designed with scientific methods (?)

proven

shown by research

state-of-the-art

using the latest technology

stand out in the crowd

to be noticed

tantalisingly

temptingly

fetching / alluring

attractive

alliteration

repetition of a sound

billboards

very large boards used for advertising

flyers

sheets of printed information advertising something

trailers

brief excerpts from a film, TV or radio programme which are used to advertise it

sky-writing

words written in the sky using smoke from a plane

sandwich board

advertising posters hung at the back and front of a person who then walks around a busy area

to plug

to advertise/promote (a product, etc.)

the Anthropocene

the modern geological era during which humans have dramatically affected the environment

climate change

changes in the world's weather, it is getting warmer as a result of human activity increasing the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere

the climate crisis

serious problems that are being caused or likely to be caused by changes in the world's weather

fossil fuels

fuels, such as gas, coal, and oil, that were formed underground from plant and animal remains millions of years ago

carbon/water footprint

Someone's carbon footprint is a measurement of the amount of carbon dioxide that their activities produce.

The water footprint measures the amount of water used to produce each of the goods and services we use.

The water footprint measures the amount of water used to produce each of the goods and services we use.

carbon capture

a way of collecting the carbon produced when fuel is burned, so that it is not released into the air

climate engineering

also known as "geoengineering," it is the intentional large-scale intervention in the Earth's climate system to counter climate change

a wind farm/turbine

a group of wind turbines that are used for producing electricity

a solar panel

a device that changes energy from the sun into electricity

wave power

is the capture of energy of wind waves to do useful work - for example, electricity generation, water desalination, or pumping water

tidal power

is harnessed by converting energy from tides into useful forms of power, mainly electricity using various methods

a fuel cell

a device that changes the chemical energy from a fuel into electricity

fusion

a technique of joining atoms in a reaction that produces energy

factory farming

a system of farming in which a lot of animals are kept in a small closed area, in order to produce a large amount of meat, eggs, or milk as cheaply as possible

vertical farming

the activity of growing crops in tall buildings with many floors

cultured meat

meat produced by in vitro cell culture of animal cells, instead of from slaughtered animals

organic food

the practice of growing crops without pesticides or chemical fertilizers

slow food

good food that is prepared and cooked carefully

a doomsday scenario

an extremely serious or dangerous situation that could end in death or destruction

living off the grid

livinf without the connection to the public supply of electricity, gas, etc.

de-extinction

process of generating an organism that is either an extinct species or resembles an extinct species

genome sequencing

the process of determining the complete DNA sequence of an organism's genome at a single time

genetic

belonging or relating to genes received by each animal or plant from its parents

engineering/modification

a change to something, usually to improve it

gene editing

the process of changing genes using scientific methods, in order to cure or prevent disease

gene therapy

the science of changing genes in order to stop or prevent a disease

a designer baby

a baby whose genes have been chosen by its parents and doctors so that it has particular characteristics

cloning

the process of creating an exact copy of a plant or animal by using its cells

an artificial uterus

a device that would allow for extracorporeal pregnancy by growing a fetus outside the body of an organism that would normally carry the fetus to term

a brain transplant

it's a procedure in which the brain of one organism is transplanted into the body of another organism.

printed organs

a computer model is fed into a printer that lays down successive layers of plastics or wax until a 3D object is produced

grown-to-order organs

grown on demand

artificial intelligence

the study of how to produce machines that have some of the qualities that the human mind has, such as the ability to understand language, recognize pictures, solve problems, and learn

facial recognition

technology that makes it possible for a computer to recognize a digital image of someone's face

a deepfake

a video or sound recording that replaces someone's face or voice with that of someone else, in a way that appears real

de-aging

it's a visual effects technique used to make an actor look younger, especially for flashback scenes

augmented reality

images produced by a computer and used together with a view of the real world

the (technology) singularity

a hypothetical point in time at which technological growth becomes uncontrollable and irreversible, resulting in unforeseeable changes to human civilization

quantum computing

the use of quantum phenomena such as superposition and entanglement to perform computation.

the Cloud

is a model of computer data storage in which the digital data is stored in logical pools, said to be on "the cloud"

net neutrality

the principle that the companies that provide services on the internet should make all information equally available to users, and not make any particular service, website, etc. cheaper or faster to use than any other

big data

very large sets of data that are produced by people using the internet, and that can only be stored, understood, and used with the help of special tools and methods

the internet of things

objects with computing devices in them that are able to connect to each other and exchange data using the internet

a smart home

refers to a convenient home setup where appliances and devices can be automatically controlled remotely from anywhere with an internet connection using a mobile or other networked device

a smart city

an urban area that uses different types of electronic methods and sensors to collect data.

the darknet

a computer network that uses the internet but can only be joined by people who have permission or who have the right software

nomophobia

fear or worry at the idea of being without your mobile phone or unable to use it

FOMO

Fear of Missing Out

infinite scrolling

a web-design technique that loads content continuously as the user scrolls down the page, eliminating the need for pagination

phishing

an attempt to trick someone into giving information over the internet or by email that would allow someone else to take money from them, for example by taking money out of their bank account

cryptocurrency

a digital currency produced by a public network, rather than any government, that uses cryptography to make sure payments are sent and received safely

blockchain

a system used to make a digital record of all the occasions a cryptocurrency is bought or sold, and that is constantly growing as more blocks are added

universal translator

a device common to many science fiction works, especially on television, the translator's purpose is to offer an instant translation of any language

a smart TV

a television on which you can also use the internet

a home assistant

a brand name for a computer program that can be used to control devices in your home such as lights and heating

smart glasses

a pair of glasses that contain computer technology so that, for example, they can be used in a similar way to a smartphone, or you can get information added to what you are seeing as you look through them

planned obsolescence

a situation in which goods are deliberately made or designed so that they do not last for a long period of time

the right to repair

legal concept that allows consumers to repair the products they buy or choose their own service providers instead of going through the manufacturer

Satnav

abbreviation for satellite navigation: a system of computers and satellites, used in vehicles and other places to tell you where something is, where you are, or how to get to a place

self-driving vehicles

a vehicle that is capable of sensing its environment and moving safely with little or no human input

a flying car

a type of personal air vehicle or roadable aircraft that provides door-to-door transportation by both ground and air

an e-plane

it's a reference plane for linearly polarized waveguides, antennas and other microwave devices

an unmanned aerial vehicle

an aircraft without a human pilot on board

a jetpack

a device worn on the back that uses gas or water to push someone into the air, especially an astronaut

maglev

short for magnetic levitation: an advanced type of transport system in which a train travels on a magnetic track, often at very high speeds

a hyperloop

a sealed tube or system of tubes with low air pressure through which a pod may travel substantially free of air resistance or friction

supersonic transport

a civilian supersonic aircraft designed to transport passengers at speeds greater than the speed of sound

teleportation

the act of travelling by an imaginary very fast form of transport that uses special technology or special mental powers, or of causing someone or something to travel in this way

interplanetary/interstellar

between planets/stars

travel

to make a journey, usually over a long distance

suspended animation

a state in which life in a body is temporarily slowed down or stopped

cryogenics

the scientific study of very low temperatures and how to produce them

nanotechnology

an area of science that deals with developing and producing extremely small tools and machines by controlling the arrangement of separate atoms

graphene

a form of carbon consisting of sheets that have the thickness of one atom. The atoms are arranged in a honeycomb pattern

3D printing

the process of printing a solid object from a digital model by printing many separate layers of the object

robotisation

the introduction of robots to carry out industrial tasks

soft robotics

specific subfield of robotics dealing with constructing robots from highly compliant materials, similar to those found in living organisms

technological unemployment

the loss of jobs caused by technological change

lidar

a method for measuring distances by illuminating the target with laser light and measuring the reflection with a sensor

to teeter

move or balance unsteadily; sway back and forth

to tee off

start or launch an event (?)

incurable

not able to be cured

to pave the way

open up opportunities, to make something possible

a downside

a disadvantage of a situation

way faster

quicker

to some extent

partly

to outperform sb

be more successful than.

opinionated

stubborn and often unreasonable in holding to one's own ideas, having a closed mind

biased

bias; showing an unreasonable like or dislike for a person based on personal opinions

to flunk a class

to fail a class

to be fined

to make somebody pay money as an official punishment

to live with a decision

to live with a decision

a slippery slope

a bad situation or habit that, after it has started, is likely to get very much worse

be accountable

being officially responsible for something

dignity

calm, serious, and controlled behaviour that makes people respect you

friend or foe?

A person who is both a friend and enemy

to alter sth

to change something, usually slightly, or to cause the characteristics of something to change

with hindsight

the ability to understand an event or situation only after it has happened

a waste of space

a person or thing that is not useful or helpful

to go _____ (e.g. "Skynet")

to go _____ (eg "Skynet")

disdainful

showing that someone does not like someone or something and thinks that they do not deserve interest or respect

mere (human beings)

used to emphasize how strongly someone feels about something or how extreme a situation is

just in case

to protect against something bad that could happen

a foible

a strange habit or characteristic that is seen as not important and not harming anyone

to use sth against sb

to use sth against sb

an overlord

a person in a position of power, especially in the past

to worship

to love, respect, and admire someone or something very much, often without noticing the bad qualities of that person or thing

upfront

speaking or behaving in a way that makes intentions and beliefs clear

input

Something put into a system, such as resources, in order to achieve a result.

collaboration

the situation of two or more people working together to create or achieve the same thing

it takes a village

a lot of people (?)

legislation /ˌledʒ.əˈsleɪ.ʃən/

law-making (a person = legislator, verb = to legislate)

Members of Parliament (MPs)

Elected members of the British or other parliament.

assiduously /əˈsɪdʒ.u.əs.li/

in a steady and hard-working way (sumiennie)

constituents

people who elected one MP (as a group = constituency)

lobbies

people who try to influence MPs (verb = lobby)

corporations

large companies (adj = corporate)

Institute of Directors

organisation of top business people

ministers

MPs with top responsibilities, e.g. for health, education

civil servant / the Civil Service

people employed in government department

lobbyists

someone who tries to persuade a politician or official group to do something

Chancellor of the Exchequer /eksˈtʃek.ɚ/

finance minister (UK)

annual budget

yearly financial plan (of tax rates, etc.)

petition

a formal request signed by lots of people

tax concession

a reduction in taxes (verb = concede)

producer, manufacturer

a person or business that makes sth

centralised

concentrated in one central organisation (noun = centralisation)

close-knit

with close ties to each other

well-funded

with plenty of financial support

consumers

People who buy and use goods and services.

scattered

dispersed; spread out or separated widely

fragmented

separate; not centralised

backstairs (pressure, deals)

secret and usually dishonest or illegal; hidden from the public

concealed

hidden

Friends of the Earth

large environmental organisation

Child Poverty Action Group

large organisation helping children

paid-up members

people who have paid their membership fees, i.e. committed members

relentlessly /rɪˈlent.ləs.li/

in an extreme way that continues without stopping; menacing

deputations

people sent to speak for a group

intimidate

To frighten, especially by threatening someone

counter

to oppose

grievance /ˈɡriː.vəns/

complaint about unfair treatment

appeal to

request support from

red tape

formalities

parish

A local church community. (parafia albo gmina)

encircle

to surround or form a circle around

commerce

the activities involved in buying and selling things

mass-produced

made in large quantities

constituency

area represented by one MP

petitioner

person signing a formal request

consumption

amount purchased, used or eaten

pressuries

to try to force someone to do something

representative

person standing for the interests of a group

to inluence

to affect

a climax

most important or exciting point

to press for

to argue in favour of (to press for reform, to press for change)

negotiation

The settling of a dispute through discussion

self-sufficiency

The ability of a country or person to support themselves without outside help

immunization

A means of protecting people against some diseases

recycling

Collection of raw materials so that they can be used again

subsidy

Money given by a government to lower the prices of e.g. basic foods

irrigation

A system of distributing water to places which need it for agriculture

charity

An organization which collects money from the public and uses it to help people in need

consumption

the act of using, eating, or drinking something

renewable

able to be created again

rainfall

rain, or the amount of rain that falls

shortages

a situation in which there is not enough of something

ecological

relating to ecology (= the relationship between living things and their environment) or the environment

wildlife

animals and plants that grow independently of people, usually in natural conditions

extinction

a situation in which something no longer exists

deforestation

the cutting down of trees in a large area, or the destruction of forests by people

endangered

in danger of becoming extinct

intervention

the action of becoming intentionally involved in a difficult situation, in order to improve it or prevent it from getting worse

household

a group of people, often a family, who live together

harmful

causing harm

pesticides

a chemical substance used to kill harmful insects, small animals, wild plants, and other unwanted organisms

production

the process of making or growing goods to be sold

poisonous

very harmful and able to cause illness or death

climatic

relating to general weather conditions

populated

(of a place) having people living there

overrated

not as good as people say

overjoyed

extremely happy

underestimated

to fail to guess or understand the real cost, size, difficulty, etc. of something

oversimplified

unrealistically simple

undernourished

not eating enough food to continue to be in good health

overburdened

having too much to carry, contain, or deal with

underprivileged

without the money, possessions, education, opportunities, etc. that the average person has

overcrowded

containing too many people or things

underlying

real but not immediately obvious

rural

relating to farm areas and life in the country

illiterate

unable to read or write

essential

necessary, basic

wealthy

rich

sparsely

with only a small number or amount of people or things

impoverished

very poor

urban

relating to a city or town

densely

with a lot of things close together

inadequate

not good enough or too low in quality

traditional

a belief, custom, or way of doing something that has existed for a long time

humanitarian

(a person who is) involved in or connected with improving people's lives and reducing suffering

existence

the fact of something or someone existing

resistance

the act of fighting against something that is attacking you, or refusing to accept something

stabilize

If something stabilizes, it becomes fixed or stops changing

devalued

to reduce the rate at which money can be exchanged for foreign money

diplomatic

acting in a way that does not cause offence

ethnic cleansing

Process in which more powerful ethnic group forcibly removes a less powerful one in order to create an ethnically homogeneous region

disproportionate

too large or too small in comparison to something else, or not deserving its importance or influence

slavery

the activity of owning other people who are forced to work for or obey you

washed away

carried away by the movement of water

devaluation

the action of reducing the rate at which money can be exchanged for foreign money

erosion

the fact of soil, stone, etc. being gradually damaged and removed by the waves, rain, or wind

buried

to put a body into the ground

covered

put over or on top of

ablaze

burning very strongly

smouldering

burning with little smoke and no flame

drought

a long period when there is little or no rain

evacuate

to move people from a dangerous place to somewhere safe

shift

to move or change from one position or direction to another, especially slightly

malnutrition

physical weakness and bad health caused by having too little food, or too little of the types of food necessary for good health

undernourishment

the condition of not eating enough food to continue to be in good health

block sth out

stop from passing through

cut off

to disconnect, interrupt, or discontinue something or someone

epidemic

the appearance of a particular disease in a large number of people at the same time

plague

an easily spread disease causing a large number of deaths

sea levels

the average height of the sea where it meets the land

pledge

a serious or formal promise

advent

the fact of an event happening, an invention being made, or a person arriving

sponsored

supported financially

proceeds

the amount of money received from a particular event or activity or when something is sold

enterprise

an organization, especially a business, or a difficult and important plan, especially one that will earn money

aid

to help

thrash out

discuss in detail in order to find a solution

comprehensive

including many details or aspects of something

a two wave panel survey

the same people are questioned twice - for example before and after voting

fancy footwork

quick or clever actions to deal with a problem

inter-locking things

things that are connected (?)

deliver

provide sth promised (Membership of the EU wasn't delivering)

big picture

the situation as a whole

prosperous

Successful and wealthy

Recession

A slowdown in a nation's economy

to mishandle

manage badly or incompetently

to harden views on sth

to become very unfriendly

austerity

an economic policy by which a government reduces the amount of money it spends by a large amount

grassroots

people at the local level; average voters, not professional politicians

galvanise /ɡæl.və.naɪz/

to stimulate to action, to motivate to vote

dour

gloomy

overblown

exaggerated

immigration: controlled or uncontrolled

the act of someone coming to live in a different country

polls

the process of voting in an election / the places where people vote in a political election

allegiance /əˈliː.dʒəns/

loyalty

volatility

suddenly changing or becoming more dangerous

unglued

separated or detached

to come unglued- to experience difficulties and fail

to come unglued- to experience difficulties and fail

policymaking system

the process of developing policies

Populism

politics that represents the interests and opinions of ordinary people

the Tories

Conservative Party

go pear-shaped

(of a plan) to go badly wrong

to skew

to twist, to manipulate

Devolution

the process of taking power from a central authority or government and giving it to smaller and more local regions

academics

a teacher or scholar in a university or other institute of higher education

left behind

abandoned

backdrop

a background, setting

dosłownie: scenery hung at back of stage

literally: scenery hung at back of stage

coup

a sudden illegal, often violent, taking of government power, especially by part of an army

riot

an occasion when a large number of people behave in a noisy, violent, and uncontrolled way in public, often as a protest

discontented

dissatisfied, unhappy

merely /ˈmɪr.li/

used to emphasize that you mean exactly what you are saying and nothing more

boost

increase

counterpart

a person or thing that has the same purpose as another one in a different place or organization

catch up

get to the same point as someone else

the mainland

for Brtis: the rest of Europe

driving force

someone or something that has the power to make things happen

referendum

a vote in which all the people in a country or an area are asked to give their opinion about or decide an important political or social question

UKIP

UK Independence Party: a political party in the UK whose main policy has been that the United Kingdom should leave the European Union

drill down

to look for something on a computer or website by moving from general information to more detailed information

propaganda

information, ideas, opinions, or images, often only giving one part of an argument, that are broadcast, published, or in some other way spread with the intention of influencing people's opinions

bias

the action of supporting or opposing a particular person or thing in an unfair way, because of allowing personal opinions to influence your judgment

prejudice /ˈpredʒ.ə.dɪs/

an unfair and unreasonable opinion or feeling, especially when formed without enough thought or knowledge

robust /roʊˈbʌst/

(of a person or animal) strong and healthy, or (of an object or system) strong and unlikely to break or fail

constitutional

allowed by or contained in a constitution

implication

an occasion when you seem to suggest something without saying it directly

civil war

a war fought by different groups of people living in the same country

demonstration

an occasion when a group of people march or stand together to show that they disagree with or support something or someone

protest

a strong complaint expressing disagreement, disapproval, or opposition

remain

to stay in the same place or in the same condition

Remainer

a person who voted for the United Kingdom to remain in the European Union in the 2016 referendum

Home Office

the UK government department that deals with matters inside the UK that are not the responsibility of other departments, for example justice and the rules for people from other countries entering the UK

vote

a choice that gets counted

election

a time when people vote in order to choose someone for a political or official job

dash for cash

chase for money?

asylum

protection or safety, especially that given by a government to people who have been forced to leave their own countries for their safety or because of war

to come out of retirement

to return to work or to one's professional career

candidate

a person who is competing to get a job or elected position

to toe the party line

to do what someone in authority tells you to do although you may not agree with it

smear campaign

a planned attempt to harm the reputation of a person or company by telling lies about them

opinion poll

an occasion when people are asked questions to discover what they think about a subject

majority

the larger number or part of something

latter

the second of two people, things, or groups previously mentioned

manifesto

a written statement of the beliefs, aims, and policies of an organization, especially a political party

diplomatic

tactful when dealing with people

respectable

with a good reputation

courteous

polite

radical

with extreme or very strong views

opressed

being ruled unjustly or cruelly

conventional

behaving just like everyone else

rebellious

against authority and hard control

privileged

having more advantages, opportunities, or rights than most people

notorious

having a bad reputation

progressive

in favour of new ideas

mayor

a person who is elected or chosen to lead the group who governs a town or city

bill

a formal statement of a planned new law that is discussed before being voted on

survey

an examination of opinions, behaviour, etc., made by asking people questions

council

a group of people elected or chosen to make decisions or give advice on a particular subject, to represent a particular group of people, or to run a particular organization

reign

the period of time when a king or queen rules a country

authorities

a group of people with official responsibility for a particular area of activity

motion

the act or process of moving, or a particular action or movement

Members of the Cabinet

a small group of the most important people in government, who advise the President or Prime Minister and make important decisions

licensed

officially allowed

illegal

against the law

compulsory

obligatory

barred

blocked, banned

abolished

to do away with

binding

to be obeyed

required

necessary

permitted

allowed

voluntary

willing; unforced

restricted

not allowed

president

the elected head of state.

minister

responsible for a government department

ringleader

the leader of a group of people who are doing something harmful or illegal

ambassador

an important official who works in a foreign country representing his or her own country there, and who is officially accepted in this position by that country

patriot

a person who loves their country and, if necessary, will fight for it

delegate

represents others at a meeting or conference

traitor

A person who betrays his or her country

sovereign

a person who may be the head of state by birth

terrorist

someone who uses violent action, or threats of violent action, for political purposes

chairperson

a person in charge of a meeting, organization, or department

retains

holds on to; keeps

the Houses of Parliament

the UK parliament, consisting of the House of Commons and the House of Lords

general public

ordinary people, especially all the people who are not members of a particular organization or who do not have any special type of knowledge

electorate

all the people who are allowed to vote

chamber

a room used for a special or official purpose, or a group of people who form (part of) a parliament

defied (defy)

to refuse to obey a person, decision, law, situation, etc.

to backfire

have the opposite effect to what was intended

to wield power

to have a lot of influence or power over other people

put the record straight

to write or say something in order to make the true facts known

sideboard

a piece of furniture used to store tablecloths and dishes

silverware

tableware made of silver

hard-up

not having enough money to pay for necessities, poor

loot

money and valuable objects that have been stolen

come up with sth

to think of a plan, an idea, or a solution to a problem

collapse

to fall down suddenly because of pressure or having no strength or support

casualty

a person injured or killed in a serious accident or war

evacuated

removed from an area

meet demands

to provide for someone's need (spełnić wymagania)

sustain

to suffer or experience, especially damage or loss

OR to cause or allow something to continue for a period of time (The judge sustained (= accepted) the lawyer's objection)

OR to cause or allow something to continue for a period of time (The judge sustained (= accepted) the lawyer's objection)

uprooted

torn up by the roots; removed

collide

to crash into

survivors

people who have stayed alive

blaze

A vivid glowing flame; large, strong fire

rapidly

very quickly

tear gas

a gas that makes your eyes sting, used especially by the police to control violent crowds

disperse

to scatter, spread far and wide

mob

a large, angry crowd, especially one that could easily become violent

seal off

to prevent people from entering an area or building, often because it is dangerous

juvenile /ˈdʒuː.və.nəl/

relating to a young person who is not yet old enough to be considered an adult

addiction

an inability to stop doing or using something, especially something harmful

offender

a person who commits a crime

petty crime

a type of crime that is not considered serious when compared with some other crimes

beggar

a poor person who lives by asking others for money or food

a brush with sth

a situation in which you experience something, or almost experience something, especially something unpleasant

transgression

the act or process of breaking a law or moral rule

hardened

used to describe someone who has had a lot of bad experiences and as a result no longer gets upset or shocked; no longer likely to change a bad way of life or feel sorry about it

counselling

the job or process of listening to someone and giving that person advice about their problems

enforce

to make people obey a law, or to make a particular situation happen or be accepted

deter

to prevent someone from doing something or to make someone less enthusiastic about doing something by making it difficult for that person to do it or by threatening bad results if they do it

custody

the legal right or duty to care for someone or something, especially a child after its parents have separated or died

detention

a form of punishment in which children are made to stay at school for a short time after classes have ended; the act of officially detaining someone

prison

a building where criminals are forced to live as a punishment

Capital punishment

death penalty

the death penalty

the legal punishment of death for a crime

execution

the legal punishment of killing someone

arrest

If the police arrest someone, they take them away to ask them about a crime that they might have committed

detection

the fact of noticing or discovering something

inquiry /ˈɪŋ.kwɚ.i/

(the process of asking) a question

hairpiece

Small wig used to cover the top or crown of the head

headdress