linguistics

Hyponym

"rose" is a hyponym of "flower."

Homonym

"bat" (a flying mammal) and "bat" (a sports equipment)

Homophone

"right" (correct) and "write" (to inscribe)

Polysemy

"bank" can refer to a financial institution or the edge of a river.

Metonymy

"the White House" referring to the U.S. government

Retronym

"analog watch" after the invention of digital watches.

Assimilation

When a sound changes to become more like a neighboring sound. For example, "handbag" might be pronounced as "hamdbag"

Dissimilation

When a sound changes to become less like a neighboring sound. For instance, "comfortable" might be pronounced as "comfortaboo"

Epenthesis

Adding an extra sound, typically a vowel, into a word. For example, saying "athlete" as "ath-e-lete" instead of "athlet."

Elision

Dropping a sound or syllable from a word during speech. For instance, "gonna" instead of "going to."

Metathesis

Rearranging the order of sounds or syllables within a word. For example, "ask" being pronounced as "aks.

Gradable antonyms

represent opposite ends of a scale and allow for degrees of comparison, like "hot" and "cold

Complementary antonyms

pairs where having one implies the absence of the other, like "alive" and "dead."

Relational antonyms

pairs where one word describes a relationship with another, like "parent" and "child."

cognates

Words in different languages that share a common origin, usually having similar meanings and often similar forms. For example, "mother" in English and "mater" in Latin are cognates.

Comparative reconstruction

finding clues in different languages to guess what their shared ancestor language might have been like. It's about looking for similarities and differences to understand how languages evolve over time.

jama nosowa

nasal cavity

podniebienie

palate

szczęka dolna

lower jaw

krtań

larynx

struny głosowe

vocal cords

gardło

pharynx

nagłośnia

epiglottis