last test

Sheet (n)

arkusz papieru

Pseudoscience (n)

pseudonauka

Quack (n)

szarlatan

Wack (n)

dziwak, czubek

decorum (n)

dekorum

Itch (v)

drapać, swędzieć, powodować dyskomfort

Outrageous (adj)

oburzający

Play by the rules (idiom)

grać fair, zgodnie z zasadami

Environmental awareness

understanding how human activities affect the natural environment and recognizing the importance of protecting nature and using resources responsibly

Protected area

a space that is legally designated and managed to converse nature, wildlife, and natural or culture

Habitat degradation

the process by which a natural habitat becomes damaged or less able to support the species that live there

Soil erosion

the removal of the top layer of soil by natural forces such as wind or water, often accelerated by human activities

Foot traffic

the movement of people walking through an area, especially in large numbers

Overtourism

a situation in which too many tourists visit a destination, causing negative impacts on the environment, local communities, and quality of life

Trample

to step heavily on something, so that you crush it with your feet

Security Dilemma

a situation where actions taken to increase safety or security (such as surveillance) unintentionally create new risks, especially by threatening privacy and individual rights.

Information Society

a society in which the creation, processing, and control of information are the most important economic and social activities, replacing traditional industrial resources.

Cybersecurity

the practice of protecting digital systems, networks, and data from attacks, unauthorized access, or damage by criminals or hackers.

Sextortion

a form of blackmail in which someone threatens to share private or intimate images unless the victim provides money, more images, or other favors.

Moral Panic

an exaggerated public fear that a group or behavior poses a major threat to societal values, often amplified by media or political actors.

Deepfakes

artificially generated or manipulated images, videos, or audio created using AI, designed to convincingly depict events or actions that never actually occurred.

Information Bubble

a state in which users are only exposed to information that aligns with their existing beliefs, limiting critical thinking and increasing vulnerability to manipulation.

Radicalization

the process by which individuals or groups adopt extreme political, social, or ideological views, often through repeated exposure to polarizing content.

Microaggressions

subtle, often indirect comments or actions that express prejudice or hostility toward marginalized groups, which can accumulate and cause harm over time.

Legal but Harmful Content

online material that does not break the law but still causes psychological, social, or societal harm, such as hate speech below criminal thresholds or glorification of self

Busy work – praca dla samej pracy, zapchajdziura

Zajęta praca – praca dla samej pracy, zapchajdziura

Drudgery – harówka, nużąca praca.

Harówka – harówka, nużąca praca.

Rote memorization – kucie na pamięć (przeciwieństwo critical thinking).

Zapamiętywanie na pamięć – kucie na pamięć (przeciwieństwo krytycznego myślenia).

Pedagogical illusion – złudzenie, że coś uczy, a nie uczy.

Złudzenie pedagogiczne – złudzenie, że coś uczy, a nie uczy.

The Second Shift – "drugi etat" (termin socjologiczny oznaczający pracę po pracy).

Druga Zmiana – „drugi etat” (termin socjologiczny oznaczający pracę po pracy).

Plateau – okres, w którym poziom czegoś pozostaje niezmienny, w szczególności, jeśli wcześniej miał tendencję rosnącą

Plateau – okres, w którym poziom czegoś pozostaje niezmienny, w przypadku wcześniejszego wystąpienia rosnącego

Inequity – niesprawiedliwość, nierówność

Nierówność – niesprawiedliwość, nierówność

Deminishing results

punkt, w którym poziom uzyskanych korzyści jest mniejszy niż ilość zainwestowanej energii lub pieniędzy

Erosion

proces of getting worse

Forged

made

Preceding

sth before

Comprehend

understand

Immediacy

directness

Diminishing

decreased

Hinder

make sth harder

Foster

encourage

Abolitionists in practice

kraje, które mają karę śmierci w prawie, ale jej nie wykonują

Offender

sprawca

Strictly forbidden

surowo zabronione

Trial

proces sądowy

Convicted

skazany

Posthumously pardoned

usłaskawiony pośmiertnie

Overturned (sentence)

uchylony wyrok

Irreversible

nieodwracalny

Lethal injection

zastrzyk trucizny

Customary law

prawo zwyczajowe

Detain

to prevent someone from leaving an official place, such as police station, prison, hospital

Undermine

to make something not as strong or not as effective

Crudely

in a way that is simple and shows little skill or care

Nuanced

having many possible levels of meaning

Psyche

the deep feelings and thoughts of a person

Cognitive dissonance

the state of having beliefs or thoughts that are not supported by the evidence of reality

Atrocity

a disgusting and usually violent act

Euphemism

a gentle word or a phrase used to mean sth else that is awkward or difficult to talk about, often used with the subjects of sex and death