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Ledger

A structured record of all transactions.

Immutable

Data that, once written to the blockchain, cannot be modified or erased, ensuring long-term integrity.

Consensus

The process through which all nodes agree on the state of the blockchain, ensuring everyone shares the same valid history.

Scalability

A network’s ability to handle increasing transaction volume without slowing down or becoming unstable.

Stake

The amount of cryptocurrency locked by a validator to participate in Proof-of-Stake systems, used as both security and voting power.

Interoperability

The ability of multiple blockchains or systems to communicate and exchange information or assets seamlessly.

Slashing

A penalty in Proof-of-Stake networks where part of a validator’s staked funds is taken for dishonest or incorrect behavior.

Mining

Wydobycie: The process of validating transactions and adding blocks to the chain in Proof-of-Work systems, rewarded with newly created coins.

Tamper-Resistant

Designed so that any attempt to alter stored data becomes immediately detectable.

Cryptography

Advanced mathematical techniques that secure blockchain operations.

Offside

(In particular sports, especially football and ice hockey) in a position that is not allowed by the rules of the game, often in front of the ball.

Infringement

An action that breaks a rule, law, etc.

Goalpost

One of the two vertical posts that are connected with a crossbar to form a goal.

Foul

An unfair or illegal action committed by a player against an opponent or the opposing team during a match.

Expected goals (xG)

A metric used to determine how likely a player is to score a chance and to calculate how many goals a team is expected to score in a match.

Heat map

A visual representation of player or team movement on the pitch — using colour intensity to show activity.

Penalty area

In football, the area surrounded by white lines in front of the goal.

Judge System

An automated software application or server that evaluates a participant's submitted code against predefined test cases to determine its correctness and efficiency.

Algorithm

A precise, step-by-step set of instructions or rules designed to solve a specific problem or perform a computation.

Submission

The act of sending a completed code solution to the judge system for evaluation, or the actual piece of code itself that has been handed in.

Time limit

The strict maximum amount of time allowed by the system for a program to run and produce the correct answer before it is stopped and marked as too slow.

Input/Output Data

The information provided to a program for it to process (input), and the resulting information the program produces and displays after execution (output).

Runtime error

A type of software failure that occurs while a program is actively executing, often caused by illegal operations like dividing by zero or accessing restricted memory.

Test cases

A specific set of input data alongside its expected correct output, used by the evaluating system to verify if a program functions correctly under various conditions.

Verdict

The final decision or result given by the automated system after evaluating a submission, such as "Accepted," "Wrong Answer," or "Time Limit Exceeded."

Hacks

In competitive programming, a deliberate attempt by one participant to provide a tricky, unexpected test case designed to make another participant's code fail.

Rating

A numerical score assigned to a participant that reflects their overall skill level, which increases or decreases based on their performance in competitions.

ECU (Electronic Control Unit)

a small computer in a car that controls things like the engine, brakes, or airbags.

Image Stitching

combining many pictures into one bigger image (for example, to create a 360° view).

ADAS (Advanced Driver Assistance Systems)

systems that help the driver, like lane assist, automatic braking, or parking help.

CAN Bus

a communication system that lets all parts of the car (ECU, sensors, etc.) talk to each other.

Sensor Fusion

combining data from different sensors (camera, radar, LiDAR) to understand the environment better.

Algorithm

a set of steps or rules a computer follows to solve a problem.

LiDAR

a sensor that uses laser light to measure distance and create a 3D map of surroundings.

Powertrain

all parts that make the car move (engine, transmission, etc.).

Latency

delay between sending and receiving information (how fast the system reacts).

Internal Combustion Engine (ICE)

a traditional engine that burns fuel (like petrol or diesel) to create power.