Kolos ang 1

Factors of production

czynniki produkcji, something that is needed in order to make a particular product, for example labour, land, or materials

Externalities

rzecz zewnętrzna, damage caused by a company's activities for which it does not pay, or something positive created by it for which it does not receive payment

Microeconomics

mikroekonomia, the study of the economic problems of businesses and people and the way particular parts of an economy behave

Equilibrium

stan równowagi, a state of balance

Econometrics

ekonometria, the testing of the performance of economies and economic theories using mathematical methods

Macroeconomics

makroekonomia, the study of financial systems at a national level

Aggregate demand

popyt zagregowany, the total demand for goods and services within an economy

Gross National Product

produkt krajowy brutto, the total value of goods and services produced by a country in one year, including profits made in foreign countries

Endogenous

endogenny (źródło wewnątrz), found or coming from within something

Exogenous

egzogenny (zewnętrzny), found or coming from outside something

Fiscal

fiskalny, connected with (public) money

Economic

ekonomiczny, relating to trade, industry, or money

Economical

oszczędny, not using a lot of fuel, money etc.

Aggregate supply

podaż zagregowana, the total supply of goods and services available to a particular market from producers

Cost of living

koszty życia, the amount of money that a person needs to live

economize

oszczędzać, to try to save money by reducing the amount that you are spending

free enterprise

wolny rynek, an economic system in which private businesses compete with each other to sell goods and services in order to make a profit, and in which government control is limited to protecting the public and running the economy

inputs

wkład, something such as energy, money, or information that is put into a system, organization, or machine so that it can operate

protectionism

protekcjonizm, the actions of a government to help its country's trade or industry by taxing goods bought from other countries

balance of payment

bilans płatniczy, summarises the economic transactions of an economy with the rest of the world

economy

ekonomia, the system of trade and industry by which the wealth of a country is made and used

fluctuate

oscylować, to change, especially continuously and between one level or thing and another

market

rynek, the people who might want to buy something, or a part of the world where something is sold

scarcity

niedobór, a situation in which something is not easy to find or get

capital

kapitał, money and possessions, especially a large amount of money used for producing more wealth or for starting a new business

inflation

inflacja, a general, continuous increase in prices

monetarism

monetaryzm, a system of controlling a country's economy by limiting how much money is in use at a particular time

standard of living

standard życia, the amount of money and comfort people have in a particular society

price control

regulacja cen, a limit set by a government on the price that can be charged by companies for particular products or services

cost price

koszt produkcji, the price that it costs to make a product, without a profit being added

price cut

obniżka ceny, a reduction in the price that is charged for something

price discrimination

dyskryminacja cenowa, the act of selling the same product to different groups of customers at different prices

price elasticity

elastyczność cenowa, a measure of the effect of a price change or a change in the quantity supplied on the demand for a product or service

exercise price

cena wykonania, the price at which someone who has an options contract (= an agreement giving the right to buy and sell shares in the future) can buy or sell the shares, etc. mentioned in it

price fixing

zmowa cenowa, an agreement that is usually not legal, in which companies all sell goods at a particular price in order to keep prices high

price freeze

zamrożenie cen, the situation in which prices, or the price of a particular product, are fixed at a particular level and no increases are allowed

going price

bieżąca cena, what the buyer is willing to pay

historical price

historyczna cena, describes the accounting cost carried in the books and reflecting the cost of the item at the time it was purchased, rather than its current value

price index

wskaźnik cen, a measurement of the changes in the price of goods and services over a period of time

price list

cennik, a list of prices for the goods or services offered by a company

price maintenance

utrzymywanie cen, a system in which the price of goods is controlled by the manufacturer, so that sellers are not allowed to reduce the price for customers

market price

cena rynkowa, a price that is likely to be paid for something

price mechanism

mechanizm cenowy, the relationship between the supply of or demand for a particular product or service, and its price

minimum price

cena minimalna, the lowest price that can legally be set

price range

zakres cenowy, the range of prices at which similar products or services are sold

recommended price

rekomendowana cena, the price that the company that makes a product suggests it should be sold for

price reduction

redukcja cen, the act of reducing the selling price of merchandise

retail price

cena detaliczna, the price that customers pay for goods in stores

price rise

wzrost ceny, the act of increasing the selling price of merchandise

selling price

cena sprzedaży, the price at which something is sold

price sensitivity

wrażliwość cenowa, the situation in which the sales of a product or service go up or down in relation to its price

strike price

cena wykonania, the price at which someone who has an options contract (= agreement giving the right to buy and sell particular shares, etc. in the future) can buy or sell the shares, etc. mentioned in it

price war

wojna cenowa, a situation in which different companies compete with each other by reducing prices

wholesale price

cena hurtowa, the price that a store or business pays for goods that it will then sell to the public

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breakeven point

granica opłacalności, the point at which a business starts to make as much money as it has spent on a particular product, activity, etc

production capacity

zdolność produkcyjna, maximum production or output, which can be produced in business with the help of available resources

distribution costs

koszt dystrybucji, cost incurred by a producer incident to activities connected with placing a finished product in the hands of a customer

sales targets

zakładana wysokość sprzedaży, number of products you need to sell, as well as the targeted average sale price you need to get, to achieve a budgeted profit

market positioning

pozycjonowanie na rynku, the particular group of customers that a company has, or that a product is aimed at, or the type of business that a company does, in relation to other companies or products

market share

udział w rynku, the number of things that a company sells compared with the number of things of the same type that other companies sell:

prime cost

koszt własny, the cost of the materials and the workers that are involved when a company makes a particular product or provides a particular service

cost accountant

księgowy ds kosztów, an accountant who examines all the costs involved in a business activity or a production process in order to help managers decide how to make profits or save money

variable costs

koszty zmienne, a cost that changes according to how much of a product is being produced or used

market penetration pricing

strategia cenowa polegająca na utrzymywaniu niskiej ceny produktu, który dopiero co wkroczył na rynek, the practice of offering a product or service at a low price in order to sell more than competitors do, and to persuade customers to keep using it

agent

a person who acts for or represents another

distributor

a person or organization that supplies goods to shops and companies

outlet

punkt sprzedaży, a shop that is one of many owned by a particular company and that sells the goods that the company has produced

broker

a person who buys and sells foreign money, shares in companies, etc., for other people

franchisee

franczyzobiorca, someone who is given or sold a franchise

sales force

personel działu sprzedaży, all the employees of a company whose job is persuading customers to buy their company's products or services

consumer

konsument, a person who buys goods or services for their own use

merchant

handlowiec, a person whose job is to buy and sell products in large amounts, especially by trading with other countries

retailer

sprzedawca detaliczny, a person, shop, or business that sells goods to the public

customer

klient, a person who buys goods or a service

middlemen

pośrednik, a person who buys goods from the company that has produced them and makes a profit by selling them to a shop or a user

wholesaler

hurtownik, someone who buys and sells goods in large amounts to shops and businesses

authorised dealer

autoryzowany diler, a company that has official permission to sell products from a particular brand

industrial

przemysłowy, in or related to industry, or having a lot of industry and factories, etc

sales reps

przedstawiciele handlowi, someone who travels to different places trying to persuade people to buy their company's products or services

chain

łańcuch/sieć, a group of shops, restaurants, hotels, or other businesses owned by the same company

premises

lokal, the land and buildings owned by someone, especially by a company or organization

vending machines

automaty, a machine from which you can buy small things such as cigarettes, drinks, and sweets by putting coins into it

economies of scale

ekonomia skali, the reduction of production costs that is a result of making and selling goods in large quantities, for example, the ability to buy large amounts of materials at reduced prices

commodities

towar, a substance or product that can be traded, bought, or sold

balance of trade

bilans handlowy, the difference between the money that a country receives from exports and the money it spends on imports

quotas

limit, a fixed, limited amount or number that is officially allowed

barter

handel wymienny, to exchange goods for other things rather than for money

division of labour

podział pracy, a way of organizing work, especially making things, so that particular types of work are done by particular people

tariffs

cło, a charge or list of charges either for services or on goods entering a country

bill of lading

list przewozowy, a document that shows the details of the products that are being transported by a company

efficiency

wydajność, the good use of time and energy in a way that does not waste any

competitor

konkurent, a person, team, or company that is competing against others

production chain

łańcuch produkcyjny, all the stages of making a product, considered together

job production

produkcja jednostkowa, a manufacturing process in which single products are produced for particular customers

batch production

produkcja seryjna, a manufacturing process in which items or products are produced in batches (= groups)

flow production

produkcja taśmowa, a manufacturing process in which finished products are made from basic materials in one continuous process without interruption

supervision

nadzór, the act of watching a person or activity and making certain that everything is done correctly, safely, etc

commissioned work

praca zlecona, to formally choose someone to do a special piece of work

intermittent

sporadyczny, not happening regularly or continuously; stopping and starting repeatedly or with periods in between

buffer stocks

bufor, a large supply of a commodity (= a crop, metal, fuel, etc.) that is bought and stored when extra is available, and sold when there is not enough, in order to control its price and quantity in the economy

deviations

odchylenia, a difference from what is usual or expected

management control systems

systemy kontroli zarządczej, system which gathers and uses information to evaluate the performance of different organizational resources

ongoing quality control

bieżąca kontrola jakości, set of activities for ensuring quality starting from Raw material to finish Products

lead time

czas realizacji, the time between the design of a product and its production, or between ordering a product and receiving it

critical path

ścieżka krytyczna, the series of tasks that must be done in order and in the right amount of time in order to complete a project on time

dispatching

wysyłanie, to send something, especially goods or a message, somewhere for a particular purpose

industrial park

strefa przemysłowa, a special area on the edge of a town where there are a lot of factories and businesses

standardization

standaryzacja, the process of making things of the same type all have the same basic features

forward scheduling

planowanie do przodu, planning designed to finish a project as soon as possible, starting now and ideally finishing before a set date

process layout

układ procesu, type of facility layout in which the floor plan is arranged with similar processes or machines located together

environmental impact

wpływ na środowisko, the effect that the activities of people and businesses have on the environment

intermittent process

proces przerywany, processes which start at an unfixed time period and end at another unfixed time period

utility

pożytek, a service that is used by the public, such as an electricity or gas supply

quality circle

koło jakości, a small group of workers who meet regularly to discuss methods of working in order to find ways of improving them

product layout

układ produktu, production system where the work stations and equipment are located along the line of production