kolokwium_ang_zs

a system of interlocking and interdependent food chains

rainfall made so acidic by atmospheric pollution that it causes environmental harm, chiefly to forests and lakes. The main cause is the industrial burning of coal and other fossil fuels, the waste gases from which contain sulphur and nitrogen oxides which

invisible rays that are part of the energy that comes from the sun, and which can burn the skin and cause skin cancer

the term for a mixture of solid particles and liquid droplets found in the air - some of them, such as dust, dirt, soot, or smoke, are large or dark enough to be seen with the naked eye

a reversal of the normal behaviour of temperature in the troposphere, in which a layer of cool air at the surface is overlain by a layer of warmer air (under normal conditions air temperature usually decreases with height)

the system that circulates blood and lymph through the body, consisting of the heart, blood vessels, blood, lymph, and the lymphatic vessels and glands

a device incorporated in the exhaust system of a motor vehicle, containing a catalyst for converting pollutant gases into less harmful ones

the passage formed by the mouth, nose, throat, and lungs, through which air passes during breathing

the layer of the earth's atmosphere above the troposphere, extending to about 50 km above the earth's surface (the lower boundary of the mesosphere)

the lowest region of the atmosphere, extending from the earth's surface to a height of about 6–10 km (the lower boundary of the stratosphere)

a substance or object that is solid rather than liquid or fluid

a substance or matter in a state in which it will expand freely to fill the whole of a container, having no fixed shape (unlike a solid) and no fixed volume (unlike a liquid)

a substance with particular chemical properties including turning litmus red, neutralizing alkalis, and dissolving some metals; typically, a corrosive or sour-tasting liquid of this kind

a distinct compound or substance, especially one which has been artificially prepared or purified

a figure expressing the acidity or alkalinity of a solution on a logarithmic scale on which 7 is neutral, lower values are more acidic and higher values more alkaline

a unit of length equal to one millionth of a metre, used in many technological and scientific fields

a soft, heavy, ductile bluish-grey metal, the chemical element of atomic number 82. It has been used in roofing, plumbing, ammunition, storage batteries, radiation shields, etc., and its compounds have been used in crystal glass, as an anti-knock agent

a cloud of tiny water droplets suspended in the atmosphere at or near the earth's surface that limits visibility (to a lesser extent than fog; strictly, with visibility remaining above 1 km)

a substance that consists of very small grains of rock, found on beaches and in deserts

a smell, often one that is unpleasant

the process of burning something

laws, such as acts of parliament, considered collectively

1. [U] the action or process of regulating or being regulated 2. [C] a rule or directive made and maintained by an authority

a limiting condition or measure, especially a legal one

refined petroleum used as fuel for internal combustion engines; [= petrol in BE]

a soft substance that is like a wet powder and consists of very small pieces of solid material that have fallen to the bottom of a liquid

a carved or cast figure of a person or animal, especially one that is life-size or larger

a porous device for removing i to make (a problem, bad situation, or negative feeling) worsempurities or solid particles from a liquid or gas passed through it

(physics) an increase or decrease in the magnitude of a property (e.g. temperature, pressure, or concentration) observed in passing from one point or moment to another

[n] the height of an object or point in relation to sea level or ground level

to (cause a gas or liquid to) spread through or into a surrounding substance by mixing with it

to allow or enable to escape from confinement; set free

(with reference to a solid) to become or cause to become incorporated into a liquid so as to form a solution

to turn something upside down or change the order of two things

to make (a problem, bad situation, or negative feeling) worse

1. to be one of the causes of something 2. to increase, improve or add to something 3. to give something especially money or goods, to help somebody or something

to have an effect on; make a difference to

1. to catch (an animal) in a trap 2. to keep something such as heat or water in one place, especially because it is useful

to completely remove or get rid of (something)

to force to move or fall with a deliberate or accidental blow or collision

to commit to memory; to learn by heart

to join or merge to form a single unit or substance

to make smaller or less in amount, degree, or size

to set (a process) in motion

to take air into the lungs and then expel it, especially as a regular physiological process

to break into parts or components or lose cohesion or unity

to clean something by rubbing it hard

to control (something, especially a business activity) by means of rules and regulations

(of solid particles) to be dispersed throughout the bulk of a fluid

to make or become hot or warm

preventing success or development; harmful; unfavourable

(of a substance) easily evaporated at normal temperatures

not moving or not intended to be moved

able to move or be moved freely or easily

1. relating to or derived from living matter 2. (of food or farming methods) produced or involving production without the use of chemical fertilizers, pesticides, or other artificial chemicals

without a smell

1. of chief importance; principal 2. belonging to or directly derived from the first stage of development or growth

coming after, less important than, or resulting from someone or something else that is primary

relating to or caused by the chemical action of light

(of a process or event) occurring without apparent external cause

a street or part of a town where vehicles are not allowed.

a street on which vehicular traffic is allowed to move in only one direction.

a road with a dividing strip between the traffic in opposite directions and usually two or more lanes in each direction.

each of the two sides of a dual carriageway or motorway, each of which usually have two or more lanes.

1. a division of a road marked off with painted lines and intended to separate single lines of traffic according to speed or direction. 2. a narrow road, especially in a rural area.

road junction at which traffic moves in one direction round a central island to reach one of the roads converging on it.

a small raised area in the middle of a road which provides a safe place for pedestrians to stand and marks a division between two opposing streams of traffic.

a set of automatically operated coloured lights, typically red, amber, and green, for controlling traffic at road junctions, pedestrian crossings, and roundabouts.

a specified part of a road where pedestrians have right of way to cross.

an intersection of two or more roads.

1. [BE] a raised paved or asphalted path for pedestrians at the side of a road 2. [AE] the hard surface of a road or street.

a line of stone or concrete forming an edge between a pavement and a roadway, so that the pavement is some 15 cm above the level of the road.

a grass edging such as that by the side of a road or path.

a hardened strip alongside a motorway for stopping on in an emergency.

a ridge set at intervals in a road surface to control the speed of vehicles.

a small round stone used to cover road surfaces.

a long, deep track made by the repeated passage of the wheels of vehicle.

a hole in a road surface that results from gradual damage caused by traffic and/or weather.

a short post used to prevent traffic from entering an area.

a cone-shaped object that is usually red and white or yellow, used to keep vehicles away from an area of road temporarily, usually because repair are being done to it.

the maximum speed at which a vehicle may legally travel on a particular stretch of road.

a roadside camera triggered by speeding vehicles, taking either video footage or a photograph of the vehicle with a record of its speed.

(of a pedestrian) crossing or walking in the street or road unlawfully or without regard for approaching traffic.

(of a motorist) travelling at a speed that is greater than the legal limit

a notice telling a driver of a fine imposed on them for parking illegally, typically written by a traffic warden and attached to a car windscreen.

1. the money paid for a journey on public transport 2. a passenger paying to travel in a taxi

a situation in which there is too much traffic and movement is difficult.

a line or lines of stationary or very slow-moving traffic, caused by roadworks, an accident, or heavy congestion.

a charge made to drive into an area, typically a city centre, that suffers heavy traffic.

charge levied on motorists for the use of parking spaces, either in dedicated car parks or in identified on-street parking bays.

mass transit system

subway

pedestrian underpass

downtown

traffic circle

beltway

parking lot

gas station

driver

rider

curb

automobile

sidewalk

road

crosswalk

[AE] a paved path for pedestrians at the side of a road; =[BE] a pavement

a set of automatically operated coloured lights, typically red, amber, and green, for controlling traffic at road junctions, pedestrian crossings, and roundabouts

the place where two or more roads join or cross each other

an area of a country or city, especially one characterized by a particular feature or activit

1. the area surrounding a particular place, person, or object 2. a district or community within a town or city

a city or town with its own local government, or the local government itself

a view or scene of streets, especially in a city

1. a long, narrow area of land 2. a long, narrow piece of cloth, paper, plastic, or some other material

1. a network of lines that cross each other to form a series of squares or rectangles 2. a network of cables or pipes for distributing power, especially high-voltage transmission lines for electricity

the outer edge of an area of land or the border around it

a person walking rather than travelling in a vehicle

a person who lives somewhere permanently or on a long-term basis

a person who rides a bicycle

a thing used for transporting people or goods, especially on land, such as a car, lorry, or cart

[AE] a large, heavy road vehicle used for carrying goods, materials, or troops; = [BE] a lorry

goods transported in bulk by truck, train, ship, or aircraft

1. a customer of a shop, restaurant, etc., especially a regular one 2. a person who gives financial or other support to a person, organization, or cause

a commercial operation or company

1. things of value such as money or possessions that you can use when you need them

the process of making an area more urban

to decide upon the look and functioning of (a building, garment, or other object), by making a detailed drawing of it

to arrange something on a flat surface

to give something out to several people, or to spread or supply something

to frequent (a shop, restaurant, or other establishment) as a customer

to decide which of a group of things are the most important so that you can deal with them first

to put (a decision, plan, agreement, etc.) into effect

(infml) to arrive or end up in a specified state, situation, or place

to move around and talk to other people at a social event

(of a thought or idea) to come into the mind of

to reduce (something, especially something undesirable) to the smallest possible amount or degree

seeming to be everywhere or in several places at the same time

all round a particular place or thing

1. (of an argument or set of ideas) not containing any logical contradictions 2. unchanging in nature, standard, or effect over time

1. occurring continuously over a period of time 2. remaining the same over a period of time

happening or done too soon, especially before the natural or suitable time

1. covering or affecting a large area 2. large in amount or scale

containing or characterized by repetition, especially when unnecessary or tiresome

being the only one of its kind; unlike anything else

(of an activity or occasion) giving delight or pleasure

in, relating to, or characteristic of a town or city

1. of or at a fairly low temperature 2. (infml) excellent

extremely large; enormous

of small width in relation to length

1. equal in number, amount, or value 2. in the same plane or line; level

of great or more than average width

giving a sense of happy satisfaction or enjoyment

(of an area or route) suitable or safe for walking