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noun + 社員の不満をよそに夏にネクタイをする規則を維持した。
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verb-plain / noun 年末で予約が増えるとあって、やることが多い。・受験とあって、休む暇はなかった。
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noun
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+ clause その時彼女はあえて何も言わなかった。 She didn't dare to say anything at that time.
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critical ages, ages of misfortune men: 25, 42, 61; women: 19, 33, 37
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Should, ought to (auxiliary verb) verb-plain 若い時にはたくさん本を読むべきだ。/ 借りた物はなくさないようにすべきです。
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noun
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verb-plain neg. 彼女はけちと言わないまでも倹約家だ。 She is frugal, not to say stingy.
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+ clause
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verb-plain
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verb-stem 彼の身の上を案じてくれる知人などいそうにない。 Acquaintances who would look out for his wellbeing seemed highly unlikely.
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verb て form + は alternately inizia ad imparare
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alternately doing A and then B verb A て form + は + phrase B
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noun + を余儀なくされる 原発事故のため、多くの住民が避難を余儀なくされた。
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(someone else) feels (something) 恥ずかしい I feel embarrassed ➜ 恥ずかしがる he/she feels/acts embarrassed.
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verb plain form + ほど
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along the way, at the same time verb A plain form + ついでに + verb B 買い物しているついでに革のジャケットも見てくれない
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as well as; while [formal] noun + かたがた
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will always~; will never stop~ verb て form + やまない 娘はずっと思いやりのある人でいることを願ってやまない
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そういうわけだから、私は君と一緒に行けないのだ。 Such being the case, I can't go with you.
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verb plain form + （が）ゆえ（に） みなさんはある種の特権を持つゆえに相応の責任もあります。
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noun + （の）いかんで
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verb stem + (しだい)次第
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noun+がてら
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I'm certain; I'm sure; certainly etc 確かに + sentence たしかにどこかで会った人だが、だれだか思い出せない。
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do; happen; provide emphasis; differ
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noun + ならでは
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contrast two opposing adjectives い adjective stem + かれ + い adjective stem + かれ 遅かれ早かれ (sooner or later); 多かれ少なかれ (more or less)
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verb plain form + ものの 似たように見えるものの、まったく違う動き方をしている。
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noun + きり
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not~, not necessarily~, not particularly~ 別に + statement + ない 私は別にたいした音楽家ではないです。 I'm afraid I'm not much of a musician.
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considering, as a result of noun + からいって
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do something out of necessity; be obliged to do something やむを得ず+explanation
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accidentally, by accident, in spite of oneself つい + clause つい彼が病気だということをしゃべってしまった。 I've just let slip that he is sick.
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phrase 1 + もさることながら + phrase 2 失業問題もさることながら、環境問題も大切だ。 Although the unemployment problem can't be ignored, the environment problem is also very important.
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at best ~, at most ~, no more than ~, at worst ~ せいぜい + explanation or statement 君はせいぜい３０分しか遅れないだろう。 You will be delayed for only thirty minutes at worst.
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noun + いかん 万事はその結果いかんにかかっている。 Much depends upon the result.
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verb plain past + ところで
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noun + を経て
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based on ~; that reflects ~ noun + を踏まえて 研究の結果を踏まえて新しい教育プログラムを作成しました。
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noun + により 勤勉とすばらしいビジネス感覚により、彼女は裕福になった。
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that kind of, such things, things such as そういった + noun そういった話をしていると議論になってしまう。 That kind of talk leads to arguments.
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ついに + phrase
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perhaps because; maybe due to verb plain + せいか
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よっぽど; よほど+explanation よほど重要な用向きでやってきたことが、彼の顔色で分かった。
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to reach (figure); to amount to (figure) number or figure+にのぼる
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classical verb form. 私はあえて死ぬるつもりで国境に近い前線に志願転出しました。ｖ
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verb plain form + ことなしに
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it isn't as if~; it's not like~ noun + ではあるまいし
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on the occasion of ~; when ~ noun or plain form verb + にあたって 米大統領が来日するにあたって、都内の警備体制は強化された。
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noun + （で）すら
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more than anything, anyone, etc, above all subject or topic + は + よりも + statement 「成功に必要なのは何よりもまず忍耐だ」と先生は言った
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noun + にそくして 彼の伝記は全くの事実に即して書かれたものだ。His biography is quite true to life.
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while~ (in the same state); during~ verb stem, noun + ながらに 彼女は生まれながらに知性と美しさに恵まれていた・彼は子供ながらにお母さんを助けるために一生懸命働いた。
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don't do something properly; not enough; not do something well ろくに+verb plain negative 彼女はフランス語は言うに及ばず母語すらろくに話せない
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above all else; more than noun + にもまして
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miss (something); fail (to do something) verb stem + （そこ）損ねる
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verb plain+より仕方がない 私たちはこのままやっていくより仕方がない。 We have no choice but to carry on.
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verb plain form + ようだ・ようです (at the end of a sentence) means appears to be ~ 彼女はフットボールにはまったく関心がないようだ。 She seems quite indifferent to football.
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both X and Y; and; as well as X+及び+Y 現代の情報及び交通網のおかげで世界はますます小さくなっている
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noun+に至るまで 宣戦布告に至るまでの時期はこのような状況であったと言える。You can say that the circumstances were thus in the period leading up to the declaration of war.
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if by chance; if~were to~ 万一＋sentence
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in any case; anyhow; because 何しろ+explanation 何しろ朝から夕方まで、校舎の中で軟禁状態だからな。釈放されれば元気にもなるってもんだ。Anyhow, having been held in school from morning to evening ... anybody'd be happy on getting released.
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despite; although; even though verb plain form+くせに
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once X happens, Y is the outcome verb plain past + が最後+ clause
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in order to (do something) ん negative form + がため あの頃わたしは大学に進学せんがために毎日必死でがんばった。
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now that ~, since ~, as long as ~ is the case plain form clause + からには
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come to mind, catch one's mind 思い当たるふしがある。Some clues come to mind.
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regardless of~; no matter what~; however~ verb volitional + が・い adjective - い + かろうが どんなに疲れていようが、私は働かねばならない。 However tired I may be, I must work.・速かろうがゆっくりであろうが、注意して運転しなさい。
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to be covered in; all over noun+まみれ
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to be curious about; be concerned about; be worried about noun+が+気になる
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noun + なくしては
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not appropriate; not acceptable noun + に or として + あるまじき
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in, at (place), as for, in relation to~ noun + における 彼の会社は地域におけるもっとも成功した小企業として特に選ばれた
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statement or noun+を皮切りに・として それを皮切りとして欧州の詩や文学を多数紹介するようになりました。
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look like; seem like; have an air of noun+めいた・めく 秘密組織めいた色合いを帯びてくる。 It carries an air of a secret organization.
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noun + を禁じ得ない 環境問題に対する無関心に怒りを禁じ得ない・I I can't help but feel angry at your indifference towards environmental issues.
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I expected~, but ~; I thought~, but~ statement+と思いきや+statement あっさり断られると思いきや、彼女は承諾してくれました
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no matter what; no matter who; no matter~ question word + であれ この本を、誰であれほしい人にあげなさい。 Give this book to whoever wants it
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noun + にたえない 勉強しないで、遊んでばかりでいて、試験に落ちた。後悔にたえない。
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at least ~; you should be grateful for ~ verb plain form + だけまし
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in spite of ~; although ~ noun + をおして 病をおして試合に出ました。He played in the game, in spite of his illness.
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even if something is~; even if one does something~ noun + としたところで 事実としたところで私と関係ありません。 Even if it is true, it has nothing to do with me.
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in contrast to ~; while X is ~ Y is ~ noun + にひきかえ 妹にひきかえ彼は結構内向的ですね。 In contrast to his sister, he's quite introverted.
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~will be the last time that~; at the top of one's voice specific time expression + を限りに 彼女は声を限りに叫んだ。 She shouted at the top of her voice.
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can't bear~; can't stand~ verb plain form + にたえない この番組は下品すぎて、見るにたえない。 I can't stand watching this show; it's too vulgar.
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although timing is not the best~; despite this not being the greatest time~ noun + の + ところを or い adjective + ところを お話中のところをお邪魔して、すみません。ちょっと質問してもよろしいでしょうか。
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in the name of~; under the veil of~; on the pretext of~ noun or statement + にかこつけて 新入社員の歓迎会にかこつけて、酒を飲もうとしているだろう。 You're using the welcome party for the new employees as a reason to get me to drink.
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must not; should not; don't verb plain form + べからず ここにゴミを捨てるべからず。 Don't throw trash here.
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い adjective stem + げ 彼女は寂しげな顔をしている。 She looks lonely.
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な adjective (without the な) + 極まる or 極まりない セミナーに参加したけれども、退屈極まる・ない話ばかりでした。
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it's because ~; the reason is ~ verb plain + ものですから ご迷惑をおかけしますが、急を要することが起こったものですから。
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it's no surprise that~; it's not worth~ verb plain form + に（は）あたらない 大学受験に落ちたことは驚くにあたらない。 It's no surprise that you failed the university entrance exam.
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every little~; even a single~; not even a~ noun (expressing quantity/ time, etc) + たりとも １円たりとも無駄使いはできない。 I can't afford to waste a single yen.
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verb plain form +（しまつ）始末だ クビになって、講座にお金がなくて、友人に借りる始末だ。
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use as an opportunity to do phrase 1 +（けいき）契機に + phrase 2
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一人で行かせてくれ。Let me go alone.
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phrase + とは限らない お金が幸福をもたらすとは限らない・Money does not always bring happiness.
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through ~ to ~; from ~ to ~ noun X + から + noun Y + にかけて
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いったん+verb ば form いったん約束したのであれば、守らなければならない。
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is (but with a hint of emotion) plain form sentence + もの（だ） だって私なんか、テレビなしで一日も暮らせないもの。 I mean ... I can't even go a day without television!
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verb plain form / noun / い adjective / な adjective + に or と + したって 私の乗っている車にしたって純粋に買物用に買った車なのだ。
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verb plain form or noun + に（したが）従って
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verb stem + そう
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noun phrase X をきっかけに + phrase Y 大使の提案をきっかけに、大使館全体でＳＮＳを使うようになった
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noun + の + ごと如し 光陰矢の如し。Time flies like an arrow
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'as soon as X, then Y', or 'the moment that X happened, we did Y'. verb plain form+が早いか
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ことごとく + verb
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since~; ever since~; after~ verb て form + からというもの
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all we can do is; can do nothing but; only ただ+verb plain+のみだ ただ結果を待つのみだ。 We can but wait for the results
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erb plain past or noun + の + あげく（に） 彼らは夫婦喧嘩を繰り返したあげくに、とうとう離婚した
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have to do, feel obliged to do verb negative stem + ねばならない
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このまま納得するわけにはいかない。 I can't very well be satisfied with the way things are.
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apt to do, prone to do, liable to do verb stem + がち
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noun + にあって
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besides doing ~, also doing ~; while doing ~, also doing ~ verb plain form+（かたわ）傍ら+explanation of other thing
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time period +（ぶ）振り
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verb ざる negative form + を得ない 私は行きたくなかったのだが、あんまり彼女が親切にしてくれるので招待を受けざるをえなかった。I didn't want to go, but she had been so kind to me that I couldn't but accept the invitation.
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X is an elaboration or specific example of Y noun X or description X + にあたる + noun Y or description Y 企業は率先して事にあたる働き手を歓迎する。 Companies welcome workers who take initiative.
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due to the fact that [formal] verb plain past form + こととて or noun + のこととて 何も知らぬこととて、失礼を致しました I apologize for my rudeness owing to my ignorance.
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just done, freshly done, newly done verb stem + たて 焼きたてのケーキは容易に切れない。 A freshly baked cake doesn't cut easily.
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verb past form + とたん 彼女はひとりきりになったとたん、その手紙をあけた。 The moment she was alone, she opened the letter.
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verb plain negative + うちに 忘れないうちに彼の電話番号を書き留めておきなさい。 Write down his phone number before you forget.
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limited to, while, as long as verb plain form + 限り verb て form + いる限り verb plain negative form + 限り noun + である限り or noun + に限り 私の知る限り、彼はその詐欺の企みには関与していません。 To my knowledge, he has not been involved in the fraud scheme.
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right away; in a moment; quickly たちまち+explanation その知らせはたちまち広まった。 The news quickly spread.
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every, each [+ time expression] // [verb] progress/decline noun + ごとに // verb plain + ごとに 彼女は３日ごとにスーパーへ行く。 She goes to the supermarket every three days. // その野球の試合は回を重ねるごとに面白くなった。The baseball game got more exciting with each inning.
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can't possibly~; there's no way~ とうてい+explanation 彼は大事な犬をとうてい手放すことはできなかった。 He couldn't possibly part with his beloved dog.
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all~; full of~; entirely~ noun + ずくめ 彼女は黒ずくめの服装をしていた。She was dressed all in black.
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there is no need to, never happens plain present clause + ことはない 自分を責めることはない。 You don't have to kick yourself.
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clause + ようになる 大抵の外国人は日本料理を好むようになる。 Most foreigners learn to like Japanese dishes.
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~ is not (the reason), ~ doesn't mean (that) 彼の答えを見たとしても、カンニングをしたわけではない。 Just because I looked at his paper doesn't mean I was cheating.
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If I'm not mistaken; if I'm correct; as I recall etc. (たし)確か + sentence 確か昨日いましたよ。 If I remember correctly she was here yesterday.
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seems ~ or I heard that ~ adjective + そうです or verb stem + そうです 高そうです (seems expensive); 西洋人はたくさん旅行するそうです。 It seems that many Westerners travel there.
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I hate have a tendency to ~; tend to ~ verb plain form + きらいがある 褒めすぎのきらいがある。 You have a tendency to over-praise.
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not trying to ~, not making an effort to ~ verb volitional form + としない 私は決してそこへ行こうとしない。 I never try to go to there.
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noun / verb / adjective + っぽい 彼は怒りっぽかった。 He was prone to anger.
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いや、そんなことはあるまい。 No ... there couldn't possibly be such a thing.
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verb negative stem + んばかり（に） そのニュースは胸が張りさけんばかりだった。 The news broke her heart.
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let alone~; not to mention~ noun + はおろか 私はバイオリンはおろかギターも弾けない。 I can't play the guitar, much less the violin.
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by means of; with; by; through noun+をもって その演説は大喝采をもって歓迎された。 The speech was greeted by loud cheers.
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verb plain form +わりに 三日ばかり何も食べていなかったわりには食欲があまり湧いてこない
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having said that、and yet, be that as it may, even though that's the case 流言飛語に惑わされるべからず、とはいうものの、言うは易く行うは難し、と思わない？ They say you shouldn't take rumors seriously, but that's easier said than done.
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from X for Y (days/weeks/hours etc.) point in time X + から + span of time Y + にわたって 明日から16日間にわたって、オリンピックが開催される。
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used to do ~; habitually did... verb plain past + ものだ 子供のころは、毎年夏には海岸へ行ったものだ。 When I was a child, I used to go to the seashore every summer.
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Just because X, then phrase Y phrase X + からといって + phrase Y 暑いからといって、冷たいものばかり食べていると体に悪いですよ。 Drinking only cold things just because it's hot is bad for you, you know.
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as soon as; no sooner than; the moment that verb plain+や（いな）否や 私は家に着くやいなや寝た。 The moment I arrived home, I went to bed.
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it is ~ that, ~ is the very (thing being emphasized), (for emphasis) noun + こそ 彼こそ私の会いたかった人です。 He is the very person I have wanted to see.
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No to have no objection to; it's all right to do something statement+ さ 差 し つか 支 えない さしつかえなければ遠慮していただきたいのですが。 I'd rather you didn't, if you don't mind.
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where possible, as ~ as possible なるべく早く診察を受けたいのですが。 I'd like to come to see the doctor as soon as possible.
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even, not ~ even, let alone noun + （で）さえ or verb stem + さえ or verb て form + さえ 彼は私にさよならさえ言わなかった。 He did not so much as say good-by to me.
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can't very well not do; have to do あんなに面白そうな映画を、見に行かないわけにはいかない
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make sure to, be sure to, try concertedly to (do something) verb plain + ようにする 私は彼女に２度とそんなことをさせないようにするつもりだ。 I am going to stop her ever doing that again.
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verb て form + みせる 必ず期待にこたえてみせます。 I'll never fail to meet your expectations.
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noun phrase + 試験に受かるかどうかは君次第だ。 It is up to you whether you pass the examination or not.
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'something was done (by somebody)'；politeness たべる eat ➜ たべられる；よむ read ➜ よまれる ；する do ➜ される；くる come ➜ こられる 田中さんといっしょに来られましたか。 Did you come with Ms Tanaka?
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させられる 見ていてハラハラさせられた。 Just to watch it made me nervous.
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