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new words that enter a language
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the study of the origin and history of word
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totally new words (aspirine, nylon, vaseine, zipper, xenox, teflon)
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new words based on the name of a person or a place (hoover, sandwich, jeans, walt, volt)
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taking over the words from other language (crossaint, dope, lilac, piano, pretzel, tatto, yogur, zebra)
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direct translation of a word into borrowing language (sky-scrapper)
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joining the begginig of one word to the end of the other word (smoke+fog= smog, brunch=breakfast+lunch)
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word of more than one syllabkle is reduced to a shorter form (gasoline-gas, advertisment-ad, fanatic-fan)
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longer word is reduced to a single syllable, -y or -ie is added to the end of a word (movie, telly, barbie)
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word of one type (noun for example) is reduced to form a form of another type (usually a verb); removing the suffixes (donate-donation, babysit-babysitter, worker- work, editor-edit)
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for example N->V without any reduction inizia ad imparare
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a change in a function of a word , (N->V: bottle, butter, chair, vacation V->N: a guess, a must, a spy, a printout V->Adj: see-through, stand-up Adj-> V or N: a dirty floor- to dirty, an empty room- to emoty, nasty people- the nasty, up/down- to up/ to down)
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first letters of the main words created a new word
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• CD (compact disc) - the pronunciation consists of saying each separate letter • NATO, NASA, UNESCO - pronounced as single words inizia ad imparare
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• many acronyms simply become everyday terms, e.g. laser (light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation), radar (radio detacting and ranging)
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the process based on adding affixes to the word (-un, -ful, -les, -ish, pre, mis-)
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bund morphemes that cannot stand alone Prefixes: un- (unhappy) - Suffixes: -ish (yellowish) - Infixes: not found in English
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a minimal unit of meaning or grammatical function reopened (3 morphemes): open - minimal unit of meaning re- - minimal unit of meaning (re= again) -ed - minimal unit of gramatical function (past tense)
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morphemes that can stand by themselves as single words, for example, open and tour
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cannot stand alone and are attached to another form (re-, -ist, -ed, -s) They are also identified as affixes. All affixes (prefixes and suffixes) in English are bound morphemes.
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When free morphemes are used with bound morphemes, the basic word forms are called (un-DRESS-ed, CARE-less-ness)
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stem is not a free morpheme. receive, reduce and repeat - the bound morpheme re-, - but the elements -ceive, -duce and - peat are not separate word forms (so they are not free morphemes) → bound stems
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free morphemes- lexical & functional open class of words functional morphemes - functional words (conjunctions, prepositions, articles, pronouns); closed class of words, e.g. and, but, when, because, on, inizia ad imparare
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lexical morphemes - ordinary nouns, adjectives and verbs that carry the 'content' of messages; near, above, in, the, that, it, them.
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used to make new words or to make words of a different grammatical category from the stem, e.g. -ish in foolish, -ly in quickly, and -ment in payment, + prefixes: re-, pre-, ex-, mis-, co-, un-, etc
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are not used to produce new words in the language, but rather to indicate aspects of the grammatical function of a word.
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Provide 8 English derivational morphemes inizia ad imparare
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'S (possessive) -s (third-person singular) -s (plural) -ed (past tense) -ing (present participle) -er (comparative) -est (superlative) -en
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morphs' are the actual realizations of 'morphemes'
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used to realize the inflectional morpheme 'plural'
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How can morphemes be divided? inizia ad imparare
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Can stand alone, e.g., "cat"
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bound stem? Give an example inizia ad imparare
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A root that cannot stand alone, e.g., "ceive" in "receive"
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What types of free morphemes do you know? inizia ad imparare
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Lexical (e.g., "house") and functional (e.g., "and")
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What types of bound morphemes do you know? inizia ad imparare
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Derivational and inflectional
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Carry meaning, e.g., "dog"
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Have a grammatical function, e.g., "in", "the".
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Create new words, e.g., "-ness" in "happiness"
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Change grammatical form, e.g., "-ed" in "walked"
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group of words standing together
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What types of phrases do you know? inizia ad imparare
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Noun (NP), verb (VP), adjective (AdjP), adverb (AdvP), prepositional (PP) phrases
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A set of words containing a subject and a predicate, forming a complete thought
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The process of describing the structure of phrases and sentences that allows to make the grammatical sequences in a language and not the ungrammatical ones
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adverb, article, pronoun, preposition, conjuction, noun, verb, adjective,
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The grammatical consistency between parts of a sentence, e.g., subject-verb agreement.
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What is the difference between prescriptive and descriptive grammar? inizia ad imparare
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Prescriptive grammar states how language should be used; descriptive grammar describes how language is actually used.
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the structure and ordering of elements within a sentence
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'all the grammatical sentences and only grammatical sentences will be produced
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Define the productivity of language inizia ad imparare
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The ability to create an infinite number of sentences.
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recursion rule have the possibility to repeat grammar structure or type of linguistic element; he ability to embed structures within structures indefinitely
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