essence. [C] [SL. 2024]

a dried plum

a prune

the vine on which grapes grow

a grapevine

bawół wodny

a water buffalo

world’s fastest land animal

a cheetah

A group of wolves

a pack

plural of sheep (irregular)

1 sheep, 2 sheep

the money used in a country (e.g., dollar, euro, zloty)

currency

(v.) to become calm, chill

to relax

(v.) to solve a problem

to resolve

(n.) the solution to the problem

the resolution

(adj.) behaving in a way that is socially correct and shows care for

polite

(v.) to think or talk about something again

to review

(n.) waste material or unwanted things that you throw away

garbage

(adj.) a more polite word for “rich”

wealthy

(n.) great comfort, especially from expensive and beautiful things

luxury

(adj.) very comfortable and expensive

luxurious

A day to celebrate the fact that we can work

Labor Day

A day to celebrate the ones who died

All Saints Day

travel distance you regularly take between home and work

commute

beyond my capabilities/out of range

out of scope

not too expensive

budget friendly

team of flight attendants on the plane

cabin crew

do not have to pay duty/tax

duty free

x-ray machine

airport security staff use this to look into your luggage

you put your luggage on this and it is transported from place to place

conveyer belt

the office where you have to pay taxes on imported or exported items

customs

the airplane starts to fly

take off / departure

the airplane is brought back down to Earth

landing / arrival

hard ground on which the airplane takes off and lands

runway

cover that can be pulled over a window to block out the light

window shade

the tracks on which the train runs

railway track

money paid for a journey on public transport

fare

the size/the number of bags allowed on a journey

baggage allowance

the movement of the airplane on the runway (before taking off or after landing)

taxiing

a ticket from one place to another, but not back again

a single ticket / a one way ticket

a ticket for travel to a place and back again

a return ticket/ a round trip ticket

fold away table in or beside your seat on an airplane

a tray table

We meet for English in Monday. MISTAKES?

We meet for English ON MondayS.

a substance that consists of hydrogen, oxygen, and carbon that provide heat and energy for the body, found in foods such as bread, pasta, fruits, etc.

carbohydrate

a type of bread shaped like a ring with a hard texture

bagel

a loaf of bread that is narrow and long

baguette

any grain such as wheat, barley, rye, etc., used to make flour or bread

cereal

a baked good made from dough or batter

cereal

a plant with seeds, leaves, or flowers used for cooking or medicine, such as mint and parsley

herb

pietruszka

parsley

a vegetable with a round dark red root that is used in cooking or producing sugar

Beet (AmE)/beetroot (BrE)

a pepper with a sweet taste and green color, eaten raw or cooked

green pepper

a type of pepper with a sweet taste or a very hot taste (depending on the variety) that is red in color

red pepper

any cheese that is made from goat's milk

goat cheese

a type of food similar to butter, made from vegetable oils or animal fats

margarine

a light cream that is produced from regular cream and lactic acid bacteria

sour cream

an edible soft berry that is red or black in color and grows on bushes

raspberry

a type of dried plant with a pleasant smell used to add taste or color to the food

spice

a vegetable similar to a potato in shape that has a sweet taste and is orange

sweet potato

a long and thin vegetable with dark green skin

zucchini

the common grain that is used in making flour

wheat

a thick slice of beef that is often cooked by grilling

beefsteak

food made with pieces of meat and vegetables roasted or grilled on fire, typically on a skewer

kebab

a long piece of wood or metal used for holding pieces of food, typically meat, together during cooking

skewer

a type of food made with meat, eggs, etc., baked in the shape of a loaf of bread

meatloaf

Kotlet schabowy

crispy breaded pork chop

a thick white dressing made with egg yolks, vegetable oil, and vinegar, served cold

mayonnaise (mayo)

a cold yellow or brown condiment with a hot taste taken from the seeds of a small plant with yellow flowers

mustard

a thin dark brown sauce, made from soybeans, used in Asian cuisines

soy sauce

a cold sauce made from tomatoes, which has a thick texture and is served with some food

ketchup

a sour liquid that is commonly used in cooking, cleaning, or to preserve food

vinegar

a rich sauce made with milk, flour, and butter

white sauce

a substance for chewing with different tastes such as strawberry, mint, etc.

chewing gum

a hard and colored candy often with a fruity taste, which is made of boiled corn syrup and sugar

hard candy

a type of candy that is flat or round and is on a stick

lollipop

a frozen dessert typically made from flavored water or fruit juice frozen around a stick

popsicle

a sweet creamy dish made with milk, sugar, and flour, served cold as a dessert

pudding

an amount of food served to one person

portion

a meal eaten in the evening, typically lighter than dinner and often the last meal of the day

supper

a meal bought from a restaurant or store to be eaten somewhere else

takeout

a loaf of bread that is small and made for one person

roll

a soft and thick substance made from boiled tomatoes, used as a cooking ingredient

tomato paste

meat from a pig's or calf's head that is cooked and pressed into a loaf with aspic (salceson)

headcheese

a savoury jelly made with meat stock, set in a mould and used to contain pieces of meat, seafood, or eggs

aspic

a large edible prawn marked with dark bands, found in the Indian and Pacific oceans

tiger prawn

a small crustacean with an elongated body

shrimp

a fairly small silvery fish; traditionally eaten at Christmas Eve Dinner

herring

A piece of cake

very easy

A couch potato

a lazy person who watches too much tv

The apple never falls far from the tree

like father/mother like son/daughter

To bring home the bacon

support a family financially

... is not my cup of tea

not my thing/something I like

Salt of the Earth

a genuine, charitable, down

As cool as a cucumber

very calm and relaxed

Spill the beans

reveal a secret/sensitive information

There’s no point crying over spilt milk

a problem has happened and there’s nothing you can do, so don’t worry

To butter somebody up

to compliment/treat someone nicely in order to get something

to take something with a pinch/grain of salt

to not believe something is completely true

the instructions on how to cook a certain food, including a list of the ingredients required

recipe

any of the foods that is used in making a dish

ingredient

to repeatedly mix something using a spoon, fork, etc.

to beat

to cut something into pieces using a knife, etc.

to chop

to make food look more delicious by decorating it

to garnish

to cook food directly over or under high heat, sometimes over an open flame

to grill

to raise the temperature of something

to heat

to soak food in a seasoned liquid, typically containing oil, vinegar, herbs, and spices, to enhance its flavor and softness before cooking

to marinate

to remove the skin or outer layer of something, such as fruit, etc.

to peel

to cook food, especially fish, in a small amount of boiling water or another liquid

to poach

to cook something, especially meat, over a fire or in an oven for an extended period

to roast

to cut food or other things into thin, flat pieces

to slice

to move a spoon, etc. around in a liquid or other substance to completely mix it

to stir

to make food such as bread or cheese brown by heating it

to toast

a piece of furniture on which food is prepared

counter

an object that is used for cooking or eating

utensil

a frame made of metal on which food is cooked over a fire

barbecue

an electrical device used to blend, mix, or puree food and liquids into a smooth consistency

blender

a flat-bottomed pan with low sides and a long handle, typically used for frying and browning foods

frying pan

a pan in the shape of a bowl, especially used for making Chinese dish

wok

a device or object used for combining ingredients together to achieve a certain texture

mixer

the removable cover at the top of a container

lid

a bowl typically used in cooking and baking for combining ingredients

mixing bowl

a spoon that is made of wood

wooden spoon

a device used to weigh people or objects

scale

a slight amount of something one can hold between the index finger and thumb

pinch

the amount that fills a cup, typically a standard measuring cup used in cooking and baking

cupful

the amount that fills a spoon, typically a standard eating or measuring spoon

spoonful

to make meat easy to cut or chew by beating it

to tenderize

to soak or preserve in salty water

to brine

to preserve and add a smoky flavor to meat, fish, or cheese using smoke from burning wood

to smoke (food)

Different from what is usual or important in a unique way.

Special

Giving pleasure or making you feel happy.

Enjoyable

Related to business or making money

Commercial

Using imagination or original ideas to make something.

Creative

Feeling thankful or showing appreciation.

Grateful

Willing to give or share more than usual or expected.

Generous

Made by humans, not natural.

Artificial

Covered with or having a lot of snow.

Snowy

Easy to remember because it is special or important.

Memorable

Having the most activity or work.

Busiest

Expecting good things to happen.

Optimistic

Comfortably hot, or showing kindness and affection.

Warm

Showing a lot of excitement or interest.

Enthusiastic

Related to a particular place, especially nearby.

Local

Unexpected and causing wonder or amazement.

Surprising

Full of hope or positive expectation.

Hopeful

Following old customs or practices.

Traditional

Costing a lot of money.

Expensive

Very pleasing or enjoyable

Delightful

Difficult but interesting or motivating.

Challenging

Full of celebration or joy, like during a holiday.

Festive

Calm, quiet, and without disturbance.

Peaceful

a person that works with the money and accounts of a company

Accountant

a person that designs buildings and houses

Architect

a person who studies the stars and the universe

Astronomer

They write books or novels

Author

They make bread and cakes and normally work in a bakery

Baker

someone who works in a coffee shop and makes and serves coffee.

Barista

a person that works with meat. They cut the meat and sell it in their shop

Butcher

a person that makes things from wood including houses and furniture

Carpenter

a person that prepares food professionally, often in a restaurant, hotel, or café

Chef/Cook

a person that collects trash/rubbish from bins in the street

Garbageman/Refuse collector

a person in charge of writing, like a newspaper or magazine, who decides what it will say in the end

Editor

a person who installs, manages, and fixes electrical wiring, equipment, and fixtures

Electrician

a person who designs, builds, or maintains engines, machines, structures or public works

Engineer

a person that works in a factory

Factory worker

a person that puts out fires

Firefighter

a person that catches fish

Fisherman

a person that works with flowers

Florist

a person that keeps gardens clean and tidy and take care of the plants

Gardener

a person who makes different kinds of images for print or digital media

Graphic artist

they cut your hair or give it a new style

Hairdresser

someone who writes news stories for a newspaper or magazine or shares them on radio or TV

Journalist

a qualified person that decides cases in a law court

Judge

a person who works in the legal field as an attorney/barrister (defending or prosecuting in court) or lawyer/solicitor (giving legal advice)

Lawyer

a person that gives lectures, usually in a university

Lecturer

a person that works in a library

Librarian

a person that saves lives where people swim (at a beach or swimming pool)

Lifeguard

a (usually attractive) person that works in fashion, modeling clothes and accessories

Model

a person that reads the news, normally on television

Newsreader

a person trained to help a doctor look after the sick or injured

Nurse

a person that checks your eyes and tries to correct any problems with your sight

Optician

a person that paints pictures or the interior and exterior of buildings

Painter

a person who is trained and licensed to make and sell medicines

Pharmacist

a person that takes photos professionally

Photographer

a person who flies a plane

Pilot

a person that repairs your water systems or pipes

Plumber

a person who works in politics

Politician

a member of the police force. They (try and) prevent crime

Police officer

a person that delivers mail to your house

Postman

a person that makes money from selling land for development

Real estate agent

a person that is at the reception (entrance) of a company

Receptionist

someone who sells things or services for a company, either in a store or directly to customers

Salesperson

a person that works in the science industry. They do many experiments

Scientist

a person employed in an office who types letters, keeps records etc.

Office Assistant

a person that works in a shop or store selling products

Shop assistant

a person who works for the army

Soldier

someone who makes programs and apps for computers and mobile devices

Software engineer

a person that makes clothes for others, many times producing exclusive items of clothing

Tailor

a person that translates from one language to another

Translator

a person that patrols areas to check that people do not park in the wrong place

Traffic warden

a person that organises and sells holidays and flights for others

Travel agent

a qualified person that looks after sick animals

Veterinary doctor (Vet)

a person that works in a food outlet, looking after customers and serving food

Waiter/Waitress

a specific occupation or profession

a job

general efforts to accomplish a goal (more general than 'job')

work

total progression of your professional life

career

requires a lot of effort

a demanding job

a job that makes you feel good

a fulfilling/rewarding job

a job that can be done by someone who is just beginning their career, which doesn’t require much experience or many skills

entry-level job

a job that has no opportunities for advancement or promotions

a dead-end job

a dynamic and important job

a high-powered job

a job where you earn a lot of money

a lucrative job

a recommendation of a person for a position

a referral

a search for a job

job hunt

advertisments about job openings online or in the newspaper

job listings

You can say you work at / for (a company)

“I work AT General Motors.”

You can say you’re working ON (a project / task)

“I’m working ON improving customer satisfaction.”

You can say you work WITH (people / objects)

“I work WITH special needs children”

a document that provides an overview of your skills, work history, education, and achievements

Resume

a letter you send with your resume to provide more information about you

Cover letter

people who can vouch for your skills, experiences, and character, usually former employers or colleagues

References

a formal meeting in which one or more persons question, consult, or evaluate another person

Interview

a written statement that describes the duties, responsibilities, required qualifications, and reporting relationships of a particular job

Job description

a collection of work samples that can demonstrate your skills and qualifications to a potential employer

Portfolio

a review of a person's criminal, commercial, and financial records typically conducted by an employer before making a job offer

Background check

a span of time after you start work during which your employer can monitor your performance and determine whether you are suitable for the job

Probationary period

a formal proposal from an employer to a potential employee to work for their company

Job offer

the amount of money an applicant expects to be paid for the job they are applying for

Salary expectations

working the entirety of the standard workweek, typically 40 hours

Full-time

working less than the standard workweek, often without receiving benefits such as health insurance

Part-time

working for different companies at different times rather than being permanently employed by one company

Freelance

not having a job but actively looking for one

Unemployed

performs specific tasks based on a contract with a set fee and timeframe without being a regular employee

Contractor

a student or trainee who works, sometimes without pay, in order to gain work experience or satisfy requirements for a qualification

Intern

having left one's job and ceased to work, typically due to age or after a long period of employment

Retired

a person employed temporarily, for certain times of the year when demand for a certain product or service is high

Seasonal

working from a location outside of the traditional office environment, usually from home

Telecommuting/remote working

the last time or date something should be done

Deadline

when a group of people work together to reach a common goal

Teamwork

someone who is in charge of running a company or group of employees

Manager

a way for a group of people to come up with a lot of ideas for how to solve a problem

Brainstorming

information about how people feel about a product, how well someone did on a job, etc., that is used to make things better

Feedback

describes a period where an employee is not present in their usual work location, usually due to travel or vacation

Out of office

the process of bringing a new employee into a company or getting a new customer or client used to your goods or services

Onboarding

control every part, however small, of an enterprise or activity

Micromanage

to entrust a task or responsibility to another person, typically one who is less senior than oneself

Delegate

never “SAY a joke” but...

TELL a joke / CRACK a joke

to start laughing suddenly

to crack up / burst out laughing

extremely funny

hilarious

the joke was unsuccessful – nobody listening to it laughed or thought it was funny

a joke fell flat

A joke that makes other people feel bad or insulted

an offensive joke / a tasteless joke

The person who is the object of the joke – the joke is about him/her

the butt of the joke

The person acting so ridiculous or stupid that other people are laughing at him/her

laughingstock

a way to say “I’m only joking; I’m not speaking seriously”

"Just kidding!"

to make little comments about someone which are rather funny but also may be slightly insulting or embarrass the person

tease someone / make fun of someone

something serious, not something to take lightly

no joke / no laughing matter

comedy performed on stage, usually by one person talking directly to the audience, for typically between five minutes and one hour (also simply called stand

stand-up comedy

comedy that is about topics that are usually serious or painful such as death, suicide, divorce, genocide, etc. (also known as black comedy, morbid humor, gallows humor)

Dark humor (also known as black comedy, morbid humor, gallows humor)

A structure for the hanging of criminals

gallows

a joke that has physical aspects

Practical joke

Comical imitation of another work

parody

Using irony and humor to mock political or religious views

satire

to play a trick that is intended to be funny but not to cause harm or damage

to prank someone

to understand the joke and appreciate why it’s funny

to GET a joke

when we laugh AT somebody, the person often doesn’t enjoy the joke because the joke is about their mistake or weakness (this is potentially cruel)

to laugh AT

When we laugh WITH a person, we can both enjoy the joke because neither of us is the target of the humor

to laugh WITH

Someone who does something as a hobby and not as their job

amateur

A person who is very good at sports or physical exercise

athlete

The leader of a sports team

captain

Cardiovascular exercise that raises your heart rate, such as running, swimming, or cycling

cardio

Someone whose job is to teach people to improve at a sport

coach

A person or team that is competing against others

competitor

A competition to do better than other people, usually in which prizes are given

contest

A loss against someone else in a competition

defeat

To move a ball along by bouncing it or giving it a series of short kicks or pushes

Dribble

The ability to endure an unpleasant or difficult process or situation without giving way

Endurance

The condition of being physically fit and healthy

Fitness

A place or club where you can go to exercise using machines, weights, and other equipment

Gym

Running at a steady, gentle pace as a form of physical fitness

Jogging

A group of teams which compete against each other in a sport

league

A metal disc given as a prize in a competition

medal

A band of tissue in a human or animal body that has the ability to contract, producing movement in parts of the body

Muscle

A qualified person who advises individuals on exercise, nutrition, and how to improve their physical health and fitness

Personal Trainer

Someone who earns money for doing a sport

professional

A person who makes certain that the rules are followed in a sports game

referee

The number of points, goals, runs, etc., achieved in a game by a team or an individual

Score

A period of the year when a particular thing happens

season

An ability to do an activity or job well

skill

Someone who watches a sport

spectator

A large, open area with seats around it, used for playing and watching sports

stadium

Forms of physical exercise designed to improve elasticity and achieve comfortable muscle tone

Stretching

A group of people who play a sport or game together

team

A competition with a series of games between many teams or players, with one winner at the end

tournament

A session of vigorous physical exercise or training

Workout

The bony structure that protects the brain

Skull

The column of bones that supports the body and protects the spinal cord.

Spine

The individual bones that form the spine.

Vertebrae

The set of ribs that protect the heart and lungs.

Ribcage

The bone of the upper arm.

Humerus

The two bones of the forearm.

Radius & Ulna

The bony structure that supports the spine and protects abdominal organs.

Pelvis

The thigh bone, the longest bone in the body.

Femur

The two bones of the lower leg.

Tibia & Fibula

The control center of the nervous system.

Brain

Pumps blood throughout the body.

Heart

Facilitate breathing and oxygen exchange.

Lungs

A large organ that performs many metabolic functions.

Liver

Filter waste from the blood and make urine.

Kidneys

Breaks down food with acids and enzymes.

Stomach

A muscle that helps control breathing.

Diaphragm

Stores urine until it leaves the body.

Bladder

Part of the digestive system, absorbs water and forms waste.

Large Intestines

Absorb nutrients from digested food.

Small Intestines

Connects bones to other bones.

Ligament

Connects muscles to bone.

Tendon

Mandatory payments citizens and businesses make to the government.

Taxes

Services that maintain or improve people’s health.

Healthcare

A non-government health facility run for profit.

private medical clinic

the amount of money saved to spend on health

Health fund

work in a given way

Operate

money made after costs

Profit

without a job

Unemployed

To manage or operate something.

To run

A nation with advanced industries and high economic development.

Industrialized country

To give or add something (e.g., money, effort, support).

Contribute

Costs paid directly by a patient, not covered by insurance.

Out-of-pocket

Non-governmental institutions providing services, often for profit.

private medical facility

A person who works for wages or salary under an employer.

Employee

A person or organization that hires and pays employees.

Employer

The period a person must wait before receiving a service.

Waiting time

The part of the body between the chest and hips.

Abdomen

A condition with sudden onset and short duration.

Acute

An abnormal reaction by the immune system to a substance.

Allergy

A condition where you have a low red blood cell count.

Anemia

Medicine that kills bacteria.

Antibiotic

A protein made by the body to fight infections.

Antibody

A substance that prevents infection in wounds.

Antiseptic

A condition that causes breathing difficulty.

Asthma

Not harmful; not cancerous.

Benign

A sample of tissue taken to examine for disease.

Biopsy

The force of blood against the arteries.

Blood Pressure

Discoloration on the skin caused by injury.

Bruise

A disease caused by uncontrolled cell growth.

Cancer

Related to the heart.

Cardiac

A long

lasting or recurring condition.

A place where patients receive medical care.

Clinic

Able to spread from person to person.

Contagious

A sudden expulsion of air from the lungs.

Cough

Identification of a disease.

Diagnosis

A condition affecting blood sugar levels.

Diabetes

Frequent loose bowel movements.

Diarrhea

Release of fluid from the body.

Discharge

Feeling of spinning or losing balance.

Dizzy

Specific amount of medicine to take.

Dose

A test to check heart function.

ECG (Electrocardiogram)

Swelling caused by fluid in tissues.

Edema

A serious situation needing immediate attention.

Emergency

A physical check by a doctor.

Examination

High body temperature due to illness.

Fever

A broken bone.

Fracture

Extreme tiredness.

Fatigue

Inflammation of the stomach and intestines.

Gastroenteritis

A type of sugar in the blood.

Glucose

A doctor for common medical problems.

General Practitioner (GP)

Pain in the head.

Headache

Blocked blood flow to the heart muscle.

Heart Attack

Heavy bleeding.

Hemorrhage

High blood pressure.

Hypertension

Low blood pressure.

Hypotension

A hospital unit for very ill patients.

ICU (Intensive Care Unit)

Illness caused by bacteria, virus, or fungi.

Infection

Swelling, redness, or pain in body tissues.

Inflammation

Medicine given through a needle.

Injection

Where two bones meet.

Joint

Yellowing of skin and eyes due to liver problems.

Jaundice

Surgery to replace a damaged knee joint.

Knee Replacement

Abnormal tissue or sore on the body.

Lesion

A swelling or small mass under the skin.

Lump

A severe headache often with nausea.

Migraine

Dangerous, often cancerous.

Malignant

A scan for soft tissues.

MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)

Sudden tightening of a muscle.

Muscle Cramp

Substance used to treat illness.

Medication

Feeling like you want to vomit.

Nausea

Loss of feeling in a body part.

Numbness

Usual or healthy measurement range.

Normal Range

Surgical procedure.

Operation

A gas essential for breathing.

Oxygen

Excessive body weight or fat.

Obesity

A drug that relieves pain.

Painkiller

Rapid or irregular heartbeat.

Palpitation

Lung infection causing cough and fever.

Pneumonia

Written order for medicine.

Prescription

Heartbeat measured at the wrist or neck.

Pulse

Isolation to prevent disease spread.

Quarantine

The use of imaging (like Xrays) to diagnose or treat diseases.

Radiology

Red, irritated skin.

Rash

Returning to health.

Recovery

Therapy to restore normal function after illness or injury.

Rehabilitation

Automatic body movement.

Reflex

The act of breathing.

Respiration

Reviving someone from unconsciousness or apparent death.

Resuscitation

A break or tear in a body part or organ.

Rupture

Sudden uncontrolled electrical activity in the brain.

Seizure

Unintended effect of a medicine.

Side Effect

A painful or raw spot.

Sore

Injury to ligaments.

Sprain

Tool used to listen to the heart and lungs.

Stethoscope

Enlarged area, often from injury.

Swelling

Body heat measurement.

Temperature

Tissue connecting muscle to bone.

Tendon

Tool to measure temperature.

Thermometer

Care to cure or manage a disease.

Treatment

A lump caused by abnormal cell growth.

Tumor

Ultrasound – Imaging test using sound waves.

Ultrasound

Test of pee to check for illness.

Urine Test

Study of urinary system and male reproductive organs.

Urology

Medicine to prevent disease.

Vaccine

Small germ causing illness.

Virus

Forcing stomach contents out through the mouth.

Vomiting

Basic body functions (pulse, temperature, etc.).

Vital Signs

Break in the skin due to injury.

Wound

Lack of strength.

Weakness

Imaging technique to see bones.

Xray

Fungal infection, often in moist areas.

Yeast Infection

Mineral important for healing and immunity.

Zinc

Illness passed from animals to humans.

Zoonotic Disease

rough/open/scraped/damaged

raw

constant, dull pain

ache

swelling filled with fluid on skin (bubbles)

blister

extreme/very great

severe

contraction of a muscle

cramps

mucus from the nose

runny nose (snot)

makes you want to scratch

itchy

overfull/overcrowded

congested (lungs, sinuses, etc.)