Endocrine physiology

unduly

nadmiernie, zbytnio, przeadnie

monoclonal vs polyclonal growth

one cell is ploriferating (adenomas) vs all cells are proliferating (hyperplasia)

carcinomas

derivatives of epithelial structure

protooncogenes

genes that are inactive, when activated gives signal for proliferation of the cells

genomic inversion

when one gene (e.g. protooncogene) translocated from one side o chromosome (one limb-silent well regulated place) to another region (superactive). Then they are called oncogenes

humoral (hypercalcemia of malignancy)

means soluble substances in the blood

nephrolitiasis

kamica nerkowa

nephrocalcinosis

deposit of calcium stones in the insterstitium due to alkaline environment.

osteomalasia

bones fail to mineralization, Osteoid is there

tetany

state where there is hipocalcemia and neuromuscular system become irritable