Culture sesja

Culture as "the cultivation of plants"

was transferred to fish or oysters in 17th century

Culture as "production of bacteria"

evolved in late 19th century

Culture as the figurative sense of "cultivation through education and systematic improvement of the mind"

was popular in 19th century

Culture in learning and taste

makes the intellectual side of civilization

Culture is closely connected to...

"collective customs and achievements of people and intellectual development."

How many definitions of culture are there in general?

300

How many distinct themes are there in culture?

7

First distinct in culture:

Structure/pattern

Second distinct in culture:

Function

Third distinct in culture:

Process

Fourth distinct in culture:

Product

Fifth distinct in culture:

Refinement

Sixth distinct in culture:

Group-membership

Seventh distinct in culture:

Power

What is connected to structure as a system of elements?

way of life, ideas, behaviour, symbol, language, social institutions, relationships etc.

What is the function of culture?

It provides guide to the process of learning, adaptation to the world, survical, success in life and control over the individual groups.

Continuous social construction of culture involves:

- differentiating one group from another; - relating to others; - giving life meaning and form; - dealing with social world

What is a cultural text?

anything created by humans that provides information about the culture of its creator and users.

What is defining culture in terms of improving intellect or morality?

instruction and moral progress

What is instruction?

care given to development of the mind

What is moral progress?

stage of development that divides civilized from savage; study of perfection, civilization.

What is group-membership?

definitions that speak of culture as a place or group of people, or that focus on belonging to such a place or group.

How does power show in culture?

Power is group based and can be political/economic. Usually it refers to countries dominating over other countries or social groups dominating over other social groups.

How does power manifest in culture?

Power complements culture in the sense that it enforces cultural values and norms.

Culture is...

learned and acquired.

Socio-cultural patterns...

are not inherited, in opposite to genetic qualities.

Socio-cultural patterns are learned...

from family member, groups and societies people live in.

Cultures of human beings are influenced by...

the physical and social environment through which they operate.

Culture is shared by...

a group of people.

A thought or action...

may be called culture if it is shared and believed or practised by a group of people.

Why is culture cumulative?

Knowledge embodied in culture moves through generations and cummulates knowledge over time.

Why is culture dynamic?

Because no culture remains in some permanent state forever.

Culture is diversified but...

constitutes as a whole.

Culture is a system that has...

many mutually interdependent parts.

Parts of culture are seperate but...

they form a unified whole.

Two stages of socialisation:

primary socialisation and secondary socialisation.

Define primary socialisation.

It's taking place within a family and lasts from birth until the child's participation in larger and more diverse groupings beyond the family.

What does primary socialisation involve?

Elements as the acquisition of language and gendered identity.

Define secondary socialisation.

It refers to all the subsequent influences that an individual experiences in a lifetime.

Components of critical cultural studies are:

Production and political economy, cultural text analysis, audience reception and use of media culture

What is production and political economy doing?

Analysing cultural texts within their system of production and distribution in society.

What are culture studies?

Cultural studies is a multidisciplinary approach to the understanding of all dimensions of culture, from traditional notions to popular culture.

What do cultural studies combine?

It combines elements of the social sciences and the humanities.

What do cultural studies use?

It uses methods and theories from literary studies, film studies, game studies, art theory, philosophy, etc.

What do cultural studies aim to?

It aims to look into how the issues of gender, race, sexuality, class, etc. shape the production-consumption and dissemination of culture and media.

What are the significant issues of cultural studies?

an equal treatment of high and low culture

A geographical dimension to defining cultural studies:

The expansion of some cultures from local/national to global and a national dimension to defining of cultural studies projects.

Why is culture multi-discursive?

It includes numerous "languages".

Define discourse.

It's regulated ways of speaking about the subject through which objects and practices aquire meaning.

What are the examples of discourses?

A language of fashion, cinema, nationalism, literary criticism, video games, cultural studies etc.

What is the key to analyse culture?

The key is to identify the discursive context itself and use its professional language.

What is the cultural development of Western Europe based on?

Intellectual, spirtual and aesthetic factors - great religious thinkers, philosophers, etc.

What does culture include?

Aesthetic factors but especially the development customs like holidays, sports, religious festivals etc.

Christmas or youth subcultures are referred to as...

lived cultures or practices.

Why is culture a social phenomenon?

It expresses certain meanings and values in art and learning, institutions and people's oridinary behaviour.

Texts of culture...

are not only actual texts but also practices, paintings, sculptures, soap operas, music, dances or comics.

A text is...

anything that produces meaning.

Define polysemic.

To contain the possibility of a number of different meanings.

What is Industrialisation?

The process of converting to a socioeconomic order in which industry is dominant.

How many stages did Industrial Revolution have?

2

The dates of the first Industrial Revolution

1760-1830

The second Industrial Revolution took place in:

The late 19th and 20th centuries.

Mass production is...

the method of producing goods in large quantities at relatively low cost per unit.

Mass production can't exist without...

mass consumption.

Mass production process...

is characterized by high volume, a highly organized flow of materials through various stages of production, careful supervision of quality standards and precise division of labour.

Modernisation is...

the transformation from a traditional, rural, agrarian society to a secular, urban, industrial society.

Urbanisation is...

the process by which large numbers of people become permanently concentrated in relatively small areas, forming cities.

How did popular culture evolve chronicigally?

1. books 2. newspapers and magazines 3. photography 4. the cinema 5. the radio 6. recorded music 7. TV 8. the Web

What was the first book written and when?

Guttenberg Bible, 1465

What was the first newspaper and when was it published?

Oxford Gazette, 1665

The first magazine published and when?

American Magazine, 1741

When was telegraph invented?

1844

What was the first movie and when was it published?

"Lumiere" in 1896 (in Bros. Cinema)

When was the first station on air and how was it called?

KDKA in 1920

When was the first TV Station on air and what was it?

W3XK in 1928

When did the internet start working around?

1992

Define "popular".

from Latin popularis: "belonging to the people, general, common; devoted to or accepted by the people."

1540's definition of popularity:

"of or pertaining to the people; depending on the people"

1570's definition of popularity:

"suited to oridinary people, easily comprehended"

1859's definition of popularity:

"low, affordable to average persons"

1600's definition of popularity:

"well-liked, admired by or enjoying the favour of the people"

The definition of popularity from 1819:

"favoured by people generally"

Popular culture is...

culture that is widely favoured or well liked by many people.

Examples of high culture:

classical music, opera and ballet, classical literature and historical works of art and sculptures

Examples of low culture:

food, entertainment, sports and shopping

Culture is diverse and...

difficult to categorize.

A cultural skyscraper...

involves a set of products sorted into high, low or middle positions.

The opera...

was established as a widely available form of popular entertainment consumed by people of all social classes from 18th to later 19th.

The opera house...

became the meeting place of different social classes in society.

Opera was transformed from...

popular entertainment into high culture.

Commercial culture is...

mass-produced for mass consumption.

Who is the audience of commercial culture?

Dumb consumers.

What are the main characteristics of commerical culture?

It's imitative and manipulative.

Commercial culture is connected to...

Americanization of global culture.

Examples of cultural imperialism:

The Disney entertainment outside the US, the spread of American-English, the globalization of US mass production models and systems.

Popular culture originates from...

the people.

Folk culture is...

a culture of the people for the people.

Examples of folk culture in Poland:

oscypek and ciupaga

Folk culture is not always authentic because...

oscypek is produced from cow's milk when it should be from sheep's milk and ciupaga's are mostly made in China.

Popular culture is a struggle between...

originality/opposition and commercialism/conformity

Reggae originally comes from...

poor black or Jamaican people.

Reggae originally is...

spiritual, talks about serious problems, is revolutionary and original.

Reagge mixed into white people's culture is...

materialistic, conformist, capitalist and mainstream.

Postmodern culture is...

a culture in which the distinction between "high" and "low" culture seems less and less important.

Postmodern popular culture blends...

the authentic with commercial.

Tarantino's cinema...

creates parody of reality, is full of comic book style violence, involves drugs, racism and references to the past.

Tarantino's films split into...

non-chronological sections with discontinuity.

Deconstruction of most popular film genres are...

western, kung-fu, gangster, pulp ficition, etc.

Intertextuality is...

quotations from and references to various cultural texts from the history of the cinema, literature, pop music, etc.

In 1948 there was a vinyl record introduced...

by CBS, 33 1/3-rpm, 23 minutes on each side.

In 1950 there was a vinyl developed...

by RCA, 45-rpm, 5 minutes per side (best for jukeboxes).

In 1953 CBS and RCA...

reached an agreement and the 45 became the standard for singles.

Reel-to-reel systems were developed in...

the early 1940s.

Reel-to-reel tape recorders became...

the main recording format used by professional recording studios until the late 1980s.

A recorded perfomance can be...

edited or erased and re-recorded again on the same piece of media.

The first compact cassette was made in...

1963

Compact cassette...

gave an ability to carry music everywhere, created a market for prerecorded cassettes and gave ability to record songs from the radio.

The compact disc was co-developed by...

Philips and Sony to store and play digital audio recordings.

The first CD was commercially released...

in October 1982.

The MP3 file format was developed in...

1992.

Napster's free file-sharing service became available on the internet in...

1999

The Napster shut down in...

2001

P2P systems such as Grokster, LimeWire, Kazaa, eDonkey were enabled...

after 2001.

Streaming music is...

shifting from ownership of music to access to music.

A subscription fee...

gives instant access to millions of songs on demand via Internet.

Popular music streaming platforms are:

Spotify, Apple Music, Tidal, Deezer, SoundCloud, YT Music etc.

Oligopoly is...

a business situation in which a few firms control most of an industry's production and distribution resources.

3 major global companies of music industry are...

Universal Music Group, Sony Music Entertainment and Warner Music Group.

Music companies control about...

65% of the recording industry market in the US.

Independent record labels are...

companies that work outside olgiopolies: they produce less mainstream music and film.

The Frankfurt School...

is a philosophical and sociological movement spread across many universities around the world.

The Frankfurt School was founded...

in Germany in 1923.

The Frankfurt School moved to...

United States to NYC after 1933.

Most prominent figures of Critical Theorists were:

Max Horkheimer, Theodor Adorno and Walter Benjamin.

"Culture Industry: Enlightenment as Mass Deception" is...

a chapter in Theodor Adorno and Max Horkheimer's book "Dialectic of Enlightenment".

Products of the culture economy are dependent on industry and economy...

which means they are related to the interests of money and power.

Basic focus of culture industry was...

being idustrialised and commercialised under a capitalist system.

The Frankfurt School attempted to show...

a parallel between cultural texts and other products that were mass produced.

All products of the culture industry are designed for...

profit.

Commodity is...

an item whose prime purpose is sale in the market place.

Every work of art is turned into...

consumer product.

Culture industry uses a...

production-line mentality in producing cultural products imitating the socioeconomic cycle of capitalist system.

Films and TV shows we watch follow...

the same recycled formulas.

Homogeneity states that...

all mass culture is identical.

In consumers goods there are...

several variations of the same thing.

All products produced under the same scheme are...

"readable" and easily consumed.

Standardisation...

makes things seem different when they are several variations of the same thing.

Hollywood was...

a glaring example of culture industry phenomenon.

Hollywood produces...

endless stream of movies.

Hollywood makes sure...

nobody has to use intellect to understand the movie.

Film companies & streaming services...

spend enormous money promoting "bigger better" films, new bands, a new star etc.

Structural uniformity is...

the "really meaningful content" of the film or series.

Culture industries provide...

"a false fulfilment of wish-dreams" like wealth, adventure, passionate love, power and sensationalism in general.

Audiences are...

a product of media industries.

Culture manufacturing contains of...

language, religion, fashion, food habits, education, TV shows, etc.

Expansions in education...

created greater space between youth and adult responsibilities.

Juvenile delinquency and generational rebellion...

became social issues drawing public attention.

An expanding middle class and more affluent working class...

led to greater disposable income and leisure time.

Culture industries came to see "teenagers" as...

a leisure class and significant consumers.

The growth of film, television, music, street fashion...

increased youths exposure to pop culture and alternative ideas.

Working-class youth form and join subcultures because of...

their marginalization from and resistance to the class structure.

Subcultures are...

primarily working class phenomena, an imitation of the class struggle in society.

Capitalist society produces...

economic exploitation, domination and cultural dominantion.

Young people take and transform cultural texts as...

a form of resistance.

Youth subcultures express...

opposition to the generation gap.

Subcultures remain...

sercret, alternative.

Resistance is expressed through...

style/symbolic rituals or violence and protests.

The main elements of subcultural style are:

image, visible manifestations or behaviour, argot (slang), particular music, visible signs of subcultural history, use of substances and violence.

Bricolage is...

a combination and transformation of various cultural objects.

Homology is...

the symbolic fit between the values and lifestyles of a group.

Punk style...

reflects chaos/nonsense of modern world.

Skinheads style...

are steel-toed boots, shaved heads, masculine posturing.

1950s subculture was...

The Teddy Boys

1960s subculture was...

The Mods & The Rockers

Late 1660s and early 1970s subculture was...

The Skinheads

Middle 1970s subculture was...

Punk

Late 1970s and early 1980s subculture was...

The Metalheads

Early 1980s subculture was...

The Goths

Another early 1980s subculture was...

The New Romantics

The skinhead value system and style...

mixed the white Englush working class and culture of black Jamaican imigrants.

The Rude Boys derived from...

dissatisfaction, poverty, rising unemployment and overpopulation of Kingston.

The rude boy style included...

short cropped hair, a porkpie hat and shiny suits made from the raw materials of the Caribbean.

Rude boys spoke in...

an exotic dialect known as patois.

Ska is...

a style of Jamaican popular music that surfaced in the early 1960s.

Skinhead aggro was based on...

being aggressive and violent towards Asians, homosexuals and Hippies.

Skinheads wore...

Levis/Lee/Wrangler jeans, braces, polo shirts, tattoos, blue-beat hats and Harrington jackets.

The four main cultural types of skinheads:

traditional, neo-Nazi, SHARP, gay

Female skinheads haircuts...

are known as Chelsea, the fringe or feathercut.

2-tone is...

mosty white interpretation of Jamaican ska combined with elements of punk rock and new wave.

Oi...

began to emerge as skinhead identity marker in England in the late 1970s.

Subculturists share a degree of...

an outsider status.

Post-subcultural generation...

blended all sorts of music and fashion.

EDM and dance cultures appeared in...

the end of the 1980s.

Raves are...

all-night electronic dance music parties fuelled by drugs such as ecstasy.

Subcultural participation is now...

a matter of choice.

Adverts in 1960s were...

usually followed by a slogan.

Adverts since 1970s...

are based on visual style.

MTV promoted...

a particular visual aesthetic.

In 2000s adverts...

are shown through the websites. Mostly illegal ones.

Market research is...

the use of social sience techniques to asses the behaviours and attitudes of consumers toward particular products before any ads are created.

famous-person testimonial

an advertising strategy that associates a product with the support of a well-known person.

plain-folks appeal

anadvertising strategy that associates a product with simplicity and the common person;

snob-appeal approach

an advertising strategy that attempts to convince consumers that using a product will enable them to maintain or elevate their social status;

bandwagon effect

an advertising strategy that uses exaggerated claims that everyone is using a particular product to encourage consumers to not be left behind;

hidden-fear appeal

anadvertising strategy that plays on a sense of insecurity, trying to persuade consumers that only a specific product can offer relief/solution;

association principle

a persuasive technique that associates a product with some cultural value or image that has a positive connotation but may have little connection to the actual product;

classified ads

small advertisements on certain websites (usually related to selling and buying sth), e.g. those on the ebay, allegro, etc.

spam

- unwanted commercial e-mail;

web banner ads

the printlike display ads that load across the top or side of a Web page in the 1990s:

OTT platforms

enable users to stream live video content over the internet rather than through cable or satellite

VODs

employ all platforms (internet, cable, satellite) based on the service provider's preference

Monetizing nostalgia

streaming popular shows from the past (now often from the 1980s and 1990s - Friends, The Office

media franchise

acollection of media products in which several derivative works have been developed in response to the popularization of an original creative work and the commercial exploitation of such through licensing agreements.

media convergence

the merging of different types of mass media such as traditional media, print media, broadcast media, new media and the Internet as well as portable and highly interactive technologies through digital media platforms;