Biznes 2

Good that are carried by ship, train or aircraft

freight

A product used in the home

household product

Pieces of electrical equipment used in people’s homes

appliances

clothing

apparel

drinks

beverages

Rooms, equipment or services that are provided for a particular purpose

facilities

Another term for ‘property’

real estate

The business of buying and selling shares

brokerage

Public services used by everyone

utilities

Good that are needed and used all the time

consumer staples

Good that are not basic to people’s lives

consumer discretionary

the transformation of raw materials into finished goods

Manufacturing or fabrication

manufactures goods that are not destroyed by use, such as automobiles, household appliances or furniture

Consumer durables

generally last for only a short time. Common examples are food and beverages, apparel, office stationery and gasoline

Non — durable goods

Sometimes a manufacturing company positions itself as a service company. Microsoft, IBM and SAP are good examples. They offer not just products, but

business solutions

elected by the shareholders and is responsible to them. It can hire and fire the CEO

The Board

run the company on a day — to — day basis.

senior management team

is a new business activity, and it collocated with the word ‘capital’ to mean money available to expand a successful start — up

venture

is either a company, or any large important project. Used without the article it collocated with ‘free’ and ‘private’ to give to give a synonym for ‘capitalism.’

enterprise

is simply money that somebody owes

debt

refers to an amount of money that a company owes, but it can also mean legal responsibility for paying for something.

liability

Many people work for themselves, with the legal status of sole trader. If they are a plumber or a shop — keeper

self — employed

If they are a professional who works for several companies (e.g. a journalist or independent consultant)

freelancer

can just be a synonym for ‘company.’ But it is more often used for a small company providing a professional service, such as a partnership of accountants, lawyers, or architects.

firm

is when two companies join to form one. The suggestion is that the process is welcomes by both sides.

merger

is when one company buys another. The process could be unwelcome by the smaller company, who might feel that they are being taken over.

acquisition

red tape

bureaucracy

A technical word for taxes on imported goods

tariffs

A word for limits on the quantity of goods that can be imported

quotas

kurs wymiany walut

exchange rates

aktywa, majątek

assets

company owned by another company

subsidiary

money paid by a government to support a business

subsidy

it brings benefits such as the creation of jobs, skills development and technology transfer.

inward investment

Low labour and manufacturing costs are a major ... in the global market.

competitive advantage

umowa kontraktowa

contractual agreement

make it easy for managers to stay in touch with colleagues and Head Office

Mobile communications

nadwyżka handlowa

trade surplus

partner handlowy

trading partners

A specific problem that causes delays to a whole process

bottleneck

The amount of work that can be dealt with in a particular time period

throughput

Actual output divided by potential output

capacity utilization

A product that serves its intended function, without any extra features

fit-for-purpose

If a product has good quality in relationship to its price

good value-for-money

The characteristic of ‘always working well’

reliability

The characteristic of 'lasting a long time'

durability

A fault in the way something is made

defect

introducing materials to an operation so it can begin.

Loading

authorizing a task to begin.

Dispatching

bringing together customer demand with operational issues of volume, timing, materials, etc.

Planning

checking progress and solving problems.

Monitoring

deciding when tasks should start and finish.

Scheduling

deciding which workstation will carry out which task in which order.

Sequencing

work — in — progress

WIP

there is a network of complex, capital — intensive machinery through which WIP flows without interruption

continuous process

there is an assembly line where WIP moves along the line past workstations carrying out fixed operations

mass process

machinery and equipment are located in ‘cells’ around the plant, and WIP moves in groups to different cells; in each cell a variety of specialized operations can be carried out

batch process

there is a fixed position layout where the WIP does not move; instead operations are scheduled in sequence on it

job production

the WIP is often off — site, or at the customer's own premises

large — scale project

when equipment (or the whole line) stops working and production is lost.

Downtime

time between one job / batch finishing and the next beginning (includes time taken to prepare machinery for the new process).

Changeover time

time required from receiving a customer order to final delivery; it includes order processing, pre — pack time, in — transit time, receiving and inspection.

Lead time

time taken for a given job / batch to pass through operations needed.

Cycle time

extra hours that someone works, beyond their contractual obligation (and often paid at a higher rate).

Overtime

time taken to prepare machinery and equipment for a new job / batch.

Set — up time

time required from the initial concept for a new product to when it first goes on sale.

Time — to — market

any period of delay between one event and another (e.g. between giving an instruction and the operation beginning).

Lag time