ANGIELSKI 05.02

altered threshold

is the smallest amount of stimulation that an observer can detect

acetylocholine

is the neuromodulator that allows the spinal cord to control muscules among other functions

acoustic code

is a collection of information that is organized by the way it sounds

affect

to affect something is to change it

affective

if something is affective, it is related to mood or an emotional state

aggressive

if someone is aggresive, he or she is likely to act forcefully or argue with others

alpha waves

are relatively slow and large brainwaves, and generally occur during relaxed wakefullness

altered state

is a state of consciouness that differs from a normal state of sleep or wakefulness

amygdalae

are two groups of nuclei in the brain’s limbic system, which help control emotions and the sense of smell

aroused

if a person is aroused, he or she is alert and ready to react to stimuli

assess

to assess something is to evaluate and define it

associative learning

is a form od learning in which an individual makes connections between two stimuli or between a behavior and a stimulus

auditory cortex

is a region of the cerebrum located in a temporal lobe, and is responsible for interpreting sounds

automatic behavior

is a behavior that a person performs without being aware of it

automatic nervous system

is the part of the peripheral nervous system that is responsible for the unconscious control of the body’s internal system, such as organs and glands

aware

he or she is able to perceive and understand the surrounding environment

behavior

is and observable action or reaction to something

bias

is an idea or prejudice that influences a person’s thinking

biological rhythm

is a variation in a biological system that goes through a regular cycle, and may or may not have psychological effects

body-kinesthetic

it is related to the body’s movement and coordination

brain

is the organ of the body that is responsible for thinking and controlling the body

brain stem

is a part of the beain that connects to the spinal cord, and includes the medulla, pons, and midbrain

cerebellum

is a part of the brain located at the rear of the bottom of the brain, which mostly controls movement

cerebrum

is the largest part of the human brain

chunking

is the act of organizing small amounts of information into larger groups so they become easier to remember

circadian rhythm

is a biological rhythm that has a period of about twenty-four hours, and includes the human slepp cycle

central nervous system

is made of the brain and the spinal cord, and send and receives messages to and from the rest of the body to direct behavior

cognitive

it is related to conscious mental processes, like thinking or remembering

concept

is an idea

conditioning

is a form of learning in which and individual makes an association between a particular stimulus and a particular response

connote

something is to suggest or imply something other than the direct or literal meaning

consciousness

is a person’s immediate awareness of his or her thoughts, sensations, existence, and surrounding environment

corpus callosum

is a bundle of fibers that connects the left hemisphere of the cerebrum to the right hemisphere of the cerebrum

delta waves

are short, regular brainwaves, and generally occur during periods of deep sleep

denote

something is to indicate or represent it directly

diffrence threshold

is the smallest diffrence in stimulation that an observer can detect while comparing two stimuli

disposition

is a particular person’s normal way of approaching or reacting to situations

divided

it is split into more than one part or piece

duration

is the length of time during which something continues to happen

echoic memory

is a type of sensory memory that retains information that someone hears for a short period of time

encoding

is the change that information goes through so that the mind can store and retrieve it from the memory

enculturation

is a process through which individuals learn about and become part of their surrouding culture

endocrine system

is a system of glands that release hormones into the body to regulate it

endorphin

is a hormone that acts as a neurotransmiter affecting sensations of pleasure and pain

environment

is a physical setting

explicit memory

is the conscious recollection of information or an event

extrovert

is a person who enjoys interacting with other people in a friendly way

frontal lobe

is the front part of the cerebrum, and is responsible for high-level thinking, such as complex problem-solvinng and planning

function

is the job or purpose on something

general intelligence

is the factor that intelligence test generally measure, and that psychologists consider a good indication of a person’s reasoning and problem-solving abilities

gland

is an organ in the body that produces a particular chemical

grammar

is the set of rules that determinate how words can be used in the structure of a language

gray matter

is part of the central nervous system that contains the bodies of nerve cells

habituation

is a process by which an individual temporalily becomes familiar with a stimulus and no longer responds to it with the same strength ad before

hemisphere

is one half of something that is round

hormone

is a substance that causes a body’s cells to perform a particular action

hypothalamus

is a part of the brain that is located below the thalamus and above the brain stem, which controls body temperature, fatigue, hunger, and thirst

iconic memory

is a type og sensory memory that retains information for a short period of time

implicit memory

is information that a person does not consciously remember, but which has an effect on his or her behaviors

information processing

is the ability the mind uses to undestand and categorize thoughts and sensory perceptions

infradian rhythm

is a biological rhythm that occyrs less than once per day, and includes the human menstrual cycle

insular lobe

is a part of the cerebrum inside of the groove that separates the frontal lobes from the parietal and temporal lobes, and is responsible for consciousness, motor control, and emotion

insulin

is a hormone that regulates the amount of sugar in blood

integrate

something is to make it a part of a larger whole

intelligence

is the ability to think and learn about the world, and to understand new ideas

internal desynchronization

is a state in which biological rhythm do not match up to each other

interpersonal

it is related to the relationship between people

intrapersonal

it is related to and individual’s understanding of him- or herself

introvert

is a person who prefers to be alone rather than interact with ither people

involuntary

a person cannot control of influence it

IQ (intelligence quotient)

is a generally accepted measurment of intelligence based on scores from a standaradized test

language

is the use of words to communicate through writing or through speaking

learning

is a process through which individuals gain knowledge or skills

limbic system

is a collection of nerves in the brain, which cintains amygdalae and controls basic emotions

linguistic

it is related to word or language

linguistics

is the study of language and its parts

logical-mathematical

it is related to problem-solving and reasoning

long-term

it occurs or exists for a great or extended period of time

medulla

is the lower of the brainstem, which controls heart rate, blood pressure and breathing

melatonin

is a hormone that helps regulate circadian rhythms

memorization

is a form of learning in which an individual is able to recall something perfectly after learning it, but does not necessarily understand what it means

memory

is the part of the mind that retains and retrieves information

mental

it is related to the brain

midbrain

is a part of brain that is located near the center, which helps control the functions of vision, hearing, movement, sleep, alertness, and temperature control

morpheme

is the smallest unit of meaning in a language

motor cortex

is a region of the cerebrum on the boundary of the frontal, temporal, and parietal lobes, and is responsible for planning and executing movement

motor nerve

is a nerve that sends messages from the brain or spinal cord to the body’s muscles and controls movements

musical

it is related to the appreciation or production of music

neuromodulator

is a network of neurotransmitters that transmit information to multiple systems in the body at once

neuron

is a nerve cell

neurotransmitter

is a chemical that transmits a signal from one neuron to another

norepinephrine

is a hormone that the brain produces under stress, which acts as a neurotransmitter and controls functions such as heart rate and blood pressure

occipital lobe

is the rear part of the cerebrum and is responsible for processug visual information from the eyes

optimistic

he or she hopes or believes that future events will be pleasang and desirable

parasympathetic division

controls the body when it is at rest

parietal lobe

is the top middle part of the cerebrum, and is responsible for processing different kinds of sensory information

passive

he or she is not likely to act forcefully or argue with other

pattern

is a set of events or behaviors that occurs repeatedly in the same way

perception

is the process that the brain uses to intrepret and organize information from the senses

personality

is a set of qualities and habits that distinguishes a particular person from other people

pessimistic

he or she believes that future events will be unoleasant or undesirable

phoneme

is the smallest unit of sound in a language

phonetic loop

is a part of a memory system that rehearses verbal information to keep it in memory

physical state

is the status of the body’s systems in a particular circumstance

pituitary gland

is a gland that is located below the brain, which secretes hormones that control growth, conversion of nutrients, and other bodily functions

play

is an activity that individuals, especially children, participate in primarily for enjoyment. It is also an important form of learning

peripheral nervous system

is the part of the peripheral nervous system that is outside of the brain and spinal cord

pons

is a part of the brainstem that transmits signals from the cerebrum to the medulla, then from the medulla to the thalamus

preconscious

is the part of the mind storing thoughts and memories that a person is not immediately aware of, but can easily recall id needed

process

is a set of events that take place in a certain order and have a specific result/is to take it in and understand it

psycholinguistics

is the study of how the brain acquires and uses language

psychology

is the study of the brain or mind and how it influences tha ways in which people act

psychomotor

it is related to body movements associated with mental activities

psychophysics

is a branch of psychology that studies the relationship between sensory experiences and the physical properties of stimuli

reflex

is an uncontrolled and unlearned response to stimulus

regulate

a process is to control its amount or frequency

rehearsal

is the act of repeating information in order to keep it in short-term memory

relaxed

he or she is awake but not alert or aroused

REM (rapid eve movement) sleep

is a period of sleep in which the eyes move, the muscles lose tone, and the sleeping person dreams

response

is someone’s action or thought as a result of a particular event

retention

is the ability to store facts and information in the memory

retrieval

is the ability to recall facts and information from the memory

rote rehearsal

is the act of repeating a specific sequence of information to keep it in short-term memory

selective attention

is the process of focusing on a small part of the environment while blocking out the rest pf the environment

semantics

is the study of the meanings of words

sensation

is the detection or the experience of something in the surrounding environment resulting from stimulation of a sensory organ

sense

is an ability by which the body perceives something around it

sensory adaptation

is the reduction in response to a sensory perception that occurs when a stimulus is repetitive or unchanging

sensory deprivation

is the lack of normal amounts of sensory perception

sensory information

is dara that comes from the sense organs like the eyes or ears

sensory memory

is a system of memory that stores extremely accurate information from the senses for a short amount of time

sensory nerve

is a nerve that sends information from the body to the brain or spinal cord

shift

is a change in a state of something

short-term

it occurs or exists for a brief period of time

sleep stage

is one of five stages of sleep that a person experiences while asleep, and are part of either REM sleep or NREM (non-rapid eye movement) sleep

somatic nervous system

is the part of the peripheral nervous system that is responsible for the body’s controllable movements

somatosensory cortex

is a region of the cerebrum located in the parietal lobe, and is responsible for interpreting information about the body’s position, temperature, and pain levels

spatial

it is related to movement and orientation in three-dimensional space

spinal cord

is a long, thick group of nerves that extends from the brain down the backbone

state

is a peron’s mental or physical condition at a particular time

subconscious

it occurs or exists in the unconscious

sympathetic division

of the automatic nervous system controls the body’s responses to threatening, dangerous, or otherwise arousing situations

syntax

is a set of rulew that determines how words are arranged to form phrases and sentences in a particular language

temporal lobe

is the bottom middle part of the cerebrum, and is responsible for language-learning, speech, and forming new memories

thalamus

is a part of the brain that is located between the cerebral cortex and midbrain, which helps control consciousness, sleep, and alertness

Theory of Multiple Intelligences

is the idea that there are many dufferent element of intelligence, and thag people can gave varying levels of them

transduction

is a process performed by sensory organs in which one type of energy becomes another

treat

a medical condition is to try to correct it or make it less severe

ultradian rhythm

is a biological rhythm that occurs more often than once per day, and includes the stages in the human sleep cycle

unconscious

is the part of the mind that a person is not aware of, but which influences his or her actions and feelings

visual cortex

is a region of the cerebrum located in the occipital lobe, and is responsible for interpreting information from the eyes

visuo-spatial sketchpad

is a part of a memory system that holds visual and spatial information in memory

voluntary

a person can control or influence it

white matter

is part of the central nervous system that does not contain the bodies of nerve cells