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lens capsule
A thin, transparent membrane that surrounds the entire lens.
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torebka soczewki
lens cortex
The outer layer of the lens that contains younger lens fibers.
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kora soczewki
lens nucleus
The dense, central part of the lens that hardens with age.
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jądro soczewki
nuclear cataract
A type of cataract forming in the central zone of the lens.
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zaćma jądrowa
cortical cataract
A cataract affecting the outer layer of the lens.
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zaćma korowa
congenital cataract
A cataract present at birth that affects visual development.
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zaćma wrodzona
intraocular lens (IOL)
An artificial lens implanted to restore vision.
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soczewka wewnątrzgałkowa
nearsightedness (myopia)
A condition where close objects are seen clearly but distant ones are blurred.
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krótkowzroczność
farsightedness (hyperopia)
A condition where distant objects are seen more clearly than near ones.
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dalekowzroczność
astigmatism
A vision condition causing blurred vision due to irregular corneal shape.
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astygmatyzm
presbyopia
Age
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starczowzroczność
related difficulty in seeing close objects clearly.
glaucoma
A group of eye diseases that damage the optic nerve, often due to high eye pressure.
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jaskra
cataract
Clouding of the normally clear lens of the eye.
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zaćma
macular degeneration
A condition that affects central vision due to retinal damage.
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zwyrodnienie plamki żółtej
diabetic retinopathy
Retinal damage due to complications of diabetes.
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retinopatia cukrzycowa
strabismus
A misalignment of the eyes so that they do not point in the same direction.
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zez
eye drops
A liquid medication applied directly to the eye.
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krople do oczu
blurred vision
When vision is not clear or sharp.
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zamazane widzenie
eye strain
Discomfort from overuse of the eyes.
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zmęczenie oczu
blindness
The condition of being unable to see.
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ślepota
slit lamp
A microscope used to examine the eye in detail.
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lampa szczelinowa
stye/hordeolum
A red, painful bump on the eyelid caused by an infected gland.
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jęczmień
Refractive myopia
Myopia caused by the eye's optical power being too strong.
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krótkowzroczność refrakcyjna
Axial myopia
Myopia resulting from an abnormally long eyeball.
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krótkowzroczność osiowa
Open
jaskra otwartego kąta
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angle glaucoma
A common type of glaucoma with slow drainage of fluid from the eye.
Retinal detachment
Separation of the retina from its supporting tissues.
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odwarstwienie siatkówki
Myopic macular degeneration
A complication of high myopia affecting central vision.
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krótkowzroczne zwyrodnienie plamki żółtej
Single vision lens
Lenses designed to correct vision at one distance only.
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soczewki jednoogniskowe
Elongate
To grow longer, often describing the eyeball in myopia.
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wydłużać się
Gas permeability
The ability of a material to allow gases to pass through.
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przepuszczalność gazu
Diameter
The length of a straight line through the center of a circle.
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średnica
Cornea
The clear front part of the eye that focuses light.
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rogówka
Epithelium
The outermost protective layer of the cornea.
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nabłonek
Bowman’s Layer
A tough layer under the epithelium that helps maintain corneal shape.
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warstwa Bowmana
Stroma
The thick, middle part of the cornea made of collagen fibers.
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zrąb
Endothelium
The inner layer of the cornea that pumps out fluid to keep it clear.
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śródbłonek
Tear
A liquid layer that covers and protects the cornea.
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Film film łzowy
Limbus
The border between the cornea and the white of the eye.
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rąbek
Refractive Power
The cornea's ability to bend light to focus it on the retina.
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zdolność refrakcyjna
Transparency
The quality that allows light to pass through the cornea clearly.
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przezroczystość
Primary lens fibers
The first fibers that form in the lens during development.
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pierwotne włókna soczewki
Retinopathy of prematurity
An eye disorder affecting premature babies due to abnormal retinal vessel growth.
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retinopatia wcześniaków
Anterior chamber
The fluid
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komora przednia
filled space inside the eye between the cornea and the iris.
Corneal curvature
The shape of the cornea that affects how light is focused.
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krzywizna rogówki
Lubrication
The process of keeping the eye surface moist.
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nawilżenie
Evaporation
The process of liquid turning into vapor, relevant to tear loss.
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parowanie
Conjunctiva
The thin membrane covering the white part of the eye.
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spojówka
Artificial tears
Eye drops used to relieve dryness and mimic natural tears.
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sztuczne łzy
Punctal plugs
Small devices inserted into tear ducts to reduce drainage.
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zatyczki do kanalików łzowych
Schirmer test
A diagnostic test to measure tear production.
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test Schirmera
Inflammation
A condition where tissue becomes red, swollen, and painful.
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stan zapalny
Intraocular pressure
The fluid pressure inside the eye.
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ciśnienie wewnątrzgałkowe
Intraocular hypertension
Higher than normal pressure in the eye without vision loss.
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podwyższone ciśnienie wewnątrzgałkowe
Jaskra z zamkniętym kątem
type of glaucoma caused by blocked fluid drainage in the eye.
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Angle-closure glaucoma
Congenital glaucoma
A rare type of glaucoma present at birth.
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jaskra wrodzona
Visual field loss
Loss of part of the usual field of view.
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utrata pola widzenia
Ciliary body
A part of the eye involved in fluid production and accommodation.
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ciało rzęskowe
Perimetry
A test to assess visual fields.
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perymetria
Tonometry
A test to measure eye pressure.
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tonometria
Ocular discomfort
Unpleasant sensations in or around the eyes.
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dyskomfort oczu
Refractive errors
Vision problems like myopia or hyperopia caused by improper focusing of light.
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wady refrakcji
Adhere to the 20-20-20 rule
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Adhere to the 20-20-20 rule
stosować zasadę 20
Progressive vision loss
Gradual decline in the ability to see clearly.
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postępująca utrata wzroku
Visual acuity
The clarity or sharpness of vision.
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ostrość widzenia
Rub your eyes
To touch or massage the eyes, which can cause irritation or harm.
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pocierać oczy
Digital eye strain
Eye discomfort after prolonged use of screens.
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cyfrowe zmęczenie oczu
Photokeratitis
Inflammation of the cornea caused by UV exposure.
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zapalenie rogówki od UV
Ciliary muscle
A muscle that controls lens shape for focusing.
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mięsień rzęskowy
Zonular fibers
Fibers that hold the lens in place and adjust its shape.
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więzadełka (Zinna)
Constricted pupil
A pupil that becomes smaller in response to light or drugs.
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zwężona źrenica
Dilated pupil
A pupil that becomes larger due to darkness or certain medications.
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rozszerzona źrenica
Accommodative insufficiency
Difficulty maintaining focus on near objects.
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niedostateczna akomodacja
Accommodative infacility
Difficulty changing focus from near to far.
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niesprawna akomodacja
Accommodative excess
Too much focusing effort, even when unnecessary.
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nadmierna akomodacja
Agnosia
The inability to process sensory information correctly.
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agnozja
Screening
A test used to detect disease in people without symptoms.
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badanie przesiewowe
Vessels
Tubes in the body that carry blood or other fluids.
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naczynia
Invasive
Involving entry into the body, often through surgery.
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inwazyjny
Cerebellum
Part of the brain that controls coordination and balance.
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móżdżek
Thalamus
A brain structure that relays sensory signals.
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wzgórze
Premature
Born before the full term of pregnancy.
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przedwczesny
Follow
wizyta kontrolna
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up visit
A scheduled visit to monitor recovery or progress.
Binocular fixation stimulus
A target used to align both eyes simultaneously.
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bodziec do fiksacji obuocznej
Binocular vision disorders
Conditions affecting the use of both eyes together.
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zaburzenia widzenia obuocznego
Convergence insufficiency
Inability to maintain convergence while reading.
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niedostateczna konwergencja
Convergence excess
Too much inward turning of the eyes.
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nadmierna konwergencja
Polarizing filter
A filter that allows only part of the light to pass through.
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filtr polaryzacyjny
Vision therapy
Exercises to improve coordination and function of the eyes.
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trening wzrokowy
Fixation disparity
A small misalignment of the eyes when focusing on a target.
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różnice fiksacji
Color blindness
A condition where a person has difficulty distinguishing colors.
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ślepota barw
Monochromacy
Complete color blindness — only shades of gray are seen.
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monochromazja
Ishihara test
A dot
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test Ishihary
pattern test for diagnosing color blindness.
Genetic disorder
A condition caused by changes in genetic material.
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choroba genetyczna
Vision
The ability to see.
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wzrok
Peripheral vision
Ability to see objects outside the direct line of sight.
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widzenie peryferyjne
Field of view
The entire area visible to the eye without moving it.
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pole widzenia
Rods
Retinal cells sensitive to light and dark.
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pręciki
Cones
Retinal cells sensitive to color.
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czopki
Photoreceptors
Cells in the retina that respond to light.
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fotoreceptory
night blindness
Difficulty seeing in low light or darkness.
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ślepota zmierzchowa
contact lens
A thin lens placed directly on the surface of the eye.
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soczewka kontaktowa
visual system
All parts of the body involved in seeing, from the eyes to the brain.
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układ wzrokowy
pupil
The black circular opening in the center of the eye that lets light in.
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źrenica
macula
The central part of the retina responsible for sharp vision.
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plamka żółta
retina
The light
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siatkówka
sensitive layer at the back of the eye that sends visual signals to the brain.
dry eye
A condition where the eyes do not produce enough tears or the right quality of tears.
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zespół suchego oka
amblyopia
A vision development disorder where an eye fails to achieve normal visual acuity.
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niedowidzenie
optic nerve
The nerve that carries visual information from the eye to the brain.
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nerw wzrokowy

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