Advanced English (2) • NOUNS • 'I'

noun [U ] C2 • synonyms: execution, rollout, enactment, deployment • policy/system/strategy implementation; successful/early/ongoing implementation • freq in AmE: 7/10

the process of putting a plan, decision, system, or idea into effect; the act of executing or carrying out something that has been designed or agreed upon

noun [C usually plural ] C1 • synonyms: consequence, result, ramification • serious/far-reaching/political implications; consider/explore implications • freq in AmE: 8/10

a possible effect or result of an action, decision, or event, especially one that is not immediately obvious; something that logically follows or is suggested indirectly

collocation with implication noun [C usually plural ] C1 • grasp the implications of something; fail/refuse to grasp; begin to grasp • implications for X; implications of X • freq in AmE: 7/10

to fully understand the possible consequences, effects, or indirect outcomes of an action, decision, or situation — especially when they are complex, subtle, or far-reaching

noun [U ] C2 psychology / neuroscience • synonyms: nondeclarative memory, unconscious memory, procedural memory • implicit memory system/process; rely/depend on implicit memory; stored in implicit memory • freq in AmE: 6/10

a type of long-term memory that works unconsciously, allowing people to perform tasks or recall skills without actively thinking about them — also known as nondeclarative memory

noun [C or U ] C1 medical/formal • synonyms: vaccination, immunization, injection • receive/give an inoculation; inoculation against disease; mass/public inoculation; metaphorical use: inoculation against X • freq in AmE: 3/10

the act of introducing a vaccine or substance into the body to produce immunity against disease; also used metaphorically to mean protection against harmful influences

noun [C ] C2 • a subtle/clever/malicious insinuation; deny/reject an insinuation; political/personal insinuations • freq in AmE: 5/10

an indirect or subtle suggestion, often of something unpleasant, critical, or accusatory; a remark that implies something without stating it openly

noun [C ] C2 formal/psychological • synonyms: quirk, peculiarity, trait • personal/professional idiosyncrasy; display idiosyncrasies; idiosyncratic behavior/style • freq in AmE: 5/10

a distinctive or unusual feature of a person, behavior, or system — often seen as peculiar, personal, or characteristic

noun [C usually singular ] C1 • synonyms: arrival, surge, flood • influx of tourists/refugees/investment/data; sudden influx; massive influx; cope with influx; trigger influx • freq in AmE: 6/10

a large arrival or accumulation of people, goods, money, or information into a place or system, often suddenly or in great numbers

noun [C ] C1 • synonyms: small press, independent house, boutique publisher • work with/sign with an indie publisher; indie publisher releases/supports niche genres/authors • freq in AmE: 5/10

a publishing company that operates independently of large corporate or mainstream publishing houses; often characterized by creative freedom, niche focus, and direct author relationships

noun [C ] C2 • synonyms: mediator, broker, go-between • act as an intermediary; financial/cultural intermediary; trusted intermediary; intermediary role/function • freq in AmE: 6/10

a person or organization that acts as a link between two parties to help them communicate, negotiate, or reach an agreement — often used in business, diplomacy, or conflict resolution

noun [U ] C1 • synonyms: honesty, virtue, moral strength • personal/professional/moral integrity; act with/uphold/compromise integrity; a person of integrity • freq in AmE: 8/10

the quality of being honest and having strong moral principles; consistency between one’s values and actions, especially in difficult or tempting situations

noun [C ] C1 • synonyms: foot soldiers, ground troops, battalion • elite/mechanized infantry unit; serve in an infantry unit; infantry tactics • freq in AmE: 5/10

a military group composed of soldiers trained and equipped to fight on foot, typically forming the backbone of ground forces

noun [plural ] C1 (medical) • synonyms: people with weakened immunity, immune-compromised patients, vulnerable groups • the severely/mildly immunocompromised; protect/support/help the immunocompromised • freq in AmE: 8/10

people whose immune systems are weakened or not functioning properly, making them more vulnerable to infections and diseases

noun [U ] C1 • synonyms: IR radiation, thermal radiation • infrared radiation/signal/camera; detect/emit/absorb infrared; infrared imaging/sensor/thermometer • freq in AmE: 5/10

electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths longer than visible light but shorter than microwaves — used in heat detection, remote sensing, communication, and night vision

noun [U ] C2 formal • synonyms: imprisonment, confinement, detention • mass incarceration; incarceration rate; alternatives to incarceration; incarceration vs rehabilitation; during/prior to incarceration • freq in AmE: 7/10

the state of being confined in prison; the act of imprisoning someone as legal punishment

the ins and outs noun [plural ] C2 • synonyms: details, workings, intricacies • the ins-and-outs of business/law/tech; know/learn/explain the ins-and-outs • freq in AmE: 6/10

the detailed aspects, complexities, or practical workings of a subject, process, or system — especially those that require experience or close familiarity

noun [C ] C1 finance/insurance • synonyms: policy cost, coverage fee, monthly premium • insurance premium for car/health/life; pay/raise/lower insurance premium; annual/monthly premium; deductible vs premium; premium adjustment • freq in AmE: 6/10

a regular payment made to an insurance company to maintain coverage; the cost of having an insurance policy, typically paid monthly, quarterly, or annually

noun [C usually pl or U ] C1 • synonyms: complexity, nuance, detail • the intricacies of something; the intricacy of something • intricacy of system/design/emotion; emotional/artistic/linguistic intricacy • freq in AmE: 4/10

the quality of being complex, detailed, or difficult to understand; also refers to the fine details or subtle elements of something elaborate

noun phrase [C1 ] political • incumbent president/leader faces/seeks/wins/loses; re-elect/defeat/support the incumbent • freq in AmE: 5/10

the current holder of the office of president; the person who is presently serving as president, especially in contrast to challengers or predecessors

noun [U ] C2 • synonyms: incompetence, clumsiness, mismanagement • political/managerial ineptitude; expose/criticize/display ineptitude; ineptitude in leadership/planning/execution; punished/mocked for ineptitude • freq in AmE: 6/10

lack of skill, ability, or competence in doing something; clumsiness or incapacity, especially in professional, social, or decision-making contexts

noun [U ] C1 • synonyms: ineptitude, mismanagement, unfitness • political/managerial incompetence; expose/criticize/display incompetence; incompetence in leadership/planning/execution; punished/sued for incompetence • freq in AmE: 7/10

lack of the necessary ability, skill, or knowledge to do something successfully; failure to meet expected standards, especially in professional or decision-making contexts

noun [U ] C2 • suffer from indigestion; give someone/yourself indigestion; relieve/cause indigestion; indigestion after eating/stress

(DIGESTIVE DISCOMFORT) pain or discomfort in the stomach associated with difficulty in digesting food; often includes bloating, nausea, or heartburn

noun [C or U ] C1 (plural inaccuracies) • synonyms: error, misstatement, imprecision • detect/correct/expose/dispel an inaccuracy; factual/historical/statistical inaccuracy; inaccuracy in reporting/data/translation

a situation in which a fact or measurement is not completely correct or exact