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noun [C ] formal • synonyms: atrocity, disgrace, horror • moral/religious/cultural abomination; denounce/regard something as abomination; utter/pure/unspeakable abomination • freq in AmE: 4/10 The dictator’s cruelty was an abomination to the world. | 2. The film portrayed war as a human abomination. inizia ad imparare
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odraza, obrzydliwość, ohyda something that causes intense hatred, disgust, or moral outrage; often used to describe acts, ideas, or entities considered deeply offensive or repulsive Okrucieństwo dyktatora było obrzydliwością dla świata. | 2. Film ukazywał wojnę jako ludzką zgrozę.
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noun [C ] C1 • synonyms: honor, award, distinction, recognition, praise, commendation • receive/win/earn an accolade; the highest accolade; prestigious accolade • freq in AmE: 8/10 Winning the Pulitzer Prize was a major accolade for the author. | 2. She has sold millions of records and earned numerous awards and accolades over a 30-year career. | 3. His performance brought him accolades from critics and fans alike. inizia ad imparare
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pochwała, wyróżnienie; dowód uznania praise, honor, or an award given to someone for outstanding achievement or service Zdobycie Nagrody Pulitzera było dla autora ogromnym zaszczytem. | 2. Sprzedała miliony płyt i zdobyła wiele nagród i wyróżnień w ciągu 30-letniej kariery. | 3. Jego występ przyniósł mu pochwały od krytyków i fanów.
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collocation with accolade noun [C ] C1 (also earn an accolade; receive an accolade) • synonyms: earn praise, receive honors, be celebrated • win accolades for innovation/bravery/contribution; win public/critical/industry accolades • freq in AmE: 6/10 The film won accolades at several international festivals. inizia ad imparare
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zdobywać pochwały, zdobywać uznanie, otrzymać wyróżnienia to receive praise, honors, or awards — especially in recognition of achievement, excellence, or contribution Film otrzymał wyróżnienia na kilku międzynarodowych festiwalach.
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noun [U ] C1 • synonyms: responsibility, answerability, transparency, liability, integrity • ensure/promote/increase accountability; financial/political/public accountability; accountability to someone/for something • freq in AmE: 9/10 Political leaders must show accountability to the people. | 2. Transparency and accountability are vital in public administration. inizia ad imparare
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odpowiedzialność; rozliczalność; obowiązek wyjaśniania swoich działań the state or fact of being responsible for decisions or actions and having to explain or justify them to others Przywódcy polityczni muszą wykazywać się odpowiedzialnością wobec obywateli. | 2. Przejrzystość i odpowiedzialność są kluczowe w administracji publicznej.
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collocation with adage noun [C ] C1 • synonyms: proverb, saying, maxim • the old adage goes.../says.../reminds us...; quote/live by/repeat an old adage; timeless/familiar/wisdom-filled adage • freq in AmE: 5/10 The old adage “actions speak louder than words” still holds true. | 2. As the old adage goes, “you reap what you sow.” inizia ad imparare
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stare przysłowie, znana maksyma a well-known and often repeated saying that expresses a general truth, principle, or piece of wisdom; typically traditional and passed down over time Stare powiedzenie „czyny mówią więcej niż słowa” nadal jest aktualne. | 2. Jak głosi znana maksyma: „kto sieje wiatr, zbiera burzę”.
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noun [U ] C1 • synonyms: infidelity, betrayal, affair • commit/conceal/forgive adultery • freq in AmE: 5/10 The novel explores the emotional aftermath of adultery. inizia ad imparare
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cudzołóstwo, zdrada małżeńska voluntary sexual intercourse between a married person and someone who is not their spouse; considered a breach of marital fidelity Powieść bada emocjonalne skutki zdrady małżeńskiej.
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noun [C ] C1 • synonyms: supporter, proponent • human rights advocate; advocate for/against something; passionate advocate of something • freq in AmE: 7/10 • as a noun: /ˈæd. və. kət/; as a verb: /ˈæd. və. keɪt/ — stress and final syllable differ She’s a passionate advocate for mental health awareness. inizia ad imparare
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zwolennik, rzecznik, obrońca a person who publicly supports or defends a particular cause, idea, or group; often used in political, social, legal, or ethical contexts Jest zagorzałą zwolenniczką świadomości zdrowia psychicznego.
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collocation with advocate noun [C ] C1 • staunch advocate of something; become/remain a staunch advocate; staunch advocate for something • freq in AmE: 6/10 • Note ‼ as a noun: /ˈæd. və. kət/; as a verb: /ˈæd. və. keɪt/ — stress and final syllable differ Many staunch advocates of free speech oppose censorship in any form. inizia ad imparare
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zagorzały zwolennik, oddany rzecznik a person who is deeply committed to a cause, idea, or group and defends it with unwavering loyalty and conviction; often used in political, ethical, or social contexts to emphasize passionate support Wielu zagorzałych zwolenników wolności słowa sprzeciwia się wszelkiej cenzurze.
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noun [C or U ] C2 • synonyms: liking, connection, kinship • affinity for/with someone/something; strong/genuine/natural affinity; emotional/cultural/genetic affinity • freq in AmE: 4/10 She has an affinity for languages and learns them quickly. | 2. There’s a clear affinity between the two artistic styles. inizia ad imparare
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pociąg, upodobanie, pokrewieństwo, powinowactwo a natural connection, attraction, or sympathy toward someone or something; also, a resemblance or relationship based on shared qualities or origin Ma naturalny pociąg do języków. | 2. Między tymi stylami artystycznymi widać wyraźne powinowactwo.
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collocation with affinity noun [C or U ] C2 (also affinity with something) • synonyms: liking, attraction, connection • affinity toward something; strong/genuine/natural affinity for something • affinity for music/solitude/creativity • freq in AmE: 4/10 She has a strong affinity for classical music. inizia ad imparare
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pociąg do czegoś, upodobanie do czegoś, naturalna skłonność do czegoś a natural liking, attraction, or sympathy toward a person, idea, activity, or quality — often instinctive or emotionally resonant Ma wielkie zamiłowanie do muzyki klasycznej.
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noun [C or U ] C2 literary/philosophical • synonyms: parable, symbol, metaphorical narrative • political/spiritual allegory; allegory of vanity/transformation; allegorical meaning/story/image • freq in AmE: 5/10 George Orwell’s Animal Farm is a political allegory about totalitarianism. | 2. Her novel functions as an allegory of personal transformation. inizia ad imparare
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alegoria (opowieść, obraz lub struktura symboliczna, w której elementy reprezentują idee, wartości lub przesłania moralne) a narrative, image, or symbolic system in which characters, events, or settings represent abstract ideas or moral qualities; often used to convey deeper philosophical, political, or spiritual meanings beneath the surface story „Folwark zwierzęcy” Orwella to alegoria totalitaryzmu. | 2. Jej powieść działa jako alegoria przemiany wewnętrznej.
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noun [U ] C1 US (UK also four-wheel drive also 4x4; written abbreviation 4WD) • synonyms: AWD, full-time 4WD • all-wheel drive system/vehicle/SUV; equipped with/offers AWD; AWD and safety/performance/control • freq in AmE: 6/10 This SUV comes standard with all-wheel drive for better traction in snow. inizia ad imparare
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napęd na wszystkie koła (AWD) a drivetrain system in which power is delivered to all four wheels of a vehicle simultaneously or as needed, improving traction and control Ten SUV ma standardowy napęd na wszystkie koła, co poprawia przyczepność na śniegu.
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noun [U ] C1 • synonyms: friendliness, warmth, kindness • natural amiability / display amiability / his amiability never faltered • freq in AmE: 4/10 The host’s amiability set the tone for a joyful evening. inizia ad imparare
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uprzejmość, życzliwość, serdeczność the quality of being friendly, pleasant, and likable; a disposition marked by kindness and warmth Serdeczność gospodarza nadała wieczorowi radosny ton.
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noun [U ] C2 formal (also ascendency) • synonyms: dominance, control, supremacy • political/religious ascendancy; gain/maintain/lose ascendancy over • freq in AmE: 5/10 The party’s ascendancy reshaped the country’s political landscape. | 2. Her intellectual ascendancy over the group was undeniable. inizia ad imparare
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panowanie, władza, przewaga a position of dominant power, influence, or control over others; often implies a gradual rise to authority or supremacy in political, social, or ideological contexts Panowanie tej partii zmieniło krajobraz polityczny kraju. | 2. Jej intelektualna dominacja nad grupą była niezaprzeczalna.
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noun [plural ] C2 • synonyms: 2000s, early 21st century, millennial decade • the aughts: fashion/music/tech/culture; aughts nostalgia/trends/revival; metaphor: aughts as digital adolescence • freq in AmE: 4/10 The aughts saw the rise of social media and reality TV. inizia ad imparare
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lata dwutysięczne, pierwsza dekada XXI wieku the decade from 2000 to 2009, often referred to in cultural, historical, or stylistic contexts; derived from “aught” meaning zero — thus “the aughts” = the years with two zeros (e.g., 2001, 2005) Lata 2000–2009 to czas narodzin mediów społecznościowych i telewizji reality.
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noun [C ] C1 • synonyms: forebear, predecessor, originator • honor ancestors; trace ancestry; ancestor of a tradition/species/machine; ancient ancestor, cultural ancestor • freq in AmE: 5/10 The ancient carvings were made to honor tribal ancestors. | 2. This early computer is the ancestor of today’s smartphones. inizia ad imparare
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a person from whom one is descended, typically more distant than a grandparent; metaphorically, a predecessor or originator in a lineage, tradition, or system Starożytne rzeźby powstały, by uczcić plemiennych przodków. | 2. Ten wczesny komputer to przodek współczesnych smartfonów.
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noun [C or U ] C2 formal/legal • synonyms: certification, confirmation, verification • attestation of identity/employment/diagnosis; signed attestation; attestation form; witness attestation • freq in AmE: 6/10 You must submit an attestation of employment with your application. | 2. The doctor provided a medical attestation confirming the diagnosis. inizia ad imparare
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poświadczenie, zaświadczenie, potwierdzenie a formal declaration that something is true or authentic — often involving written confirmation, certification, or witness testimony Musisz dołączyć zaświadczenie o zatrudnieniu do wniosku. | 2. Lekarz wystawił zaświadczenie medyczne potwierdzające diagnozę.
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noun [plural ] C2 • synonyms: shenanigans, pranks, hijinks • childish/drunken/theatrical antics; laugh at/be annoyed by antics; animal/celebrity/political antics; antics on stage/in public; freq in AmE: 6/10 The puppy’s antics kept the whole family entertained. | 2. She was tired of his drunken antics at every party. | 3. The politician’s antics drew media attention but little respect. inizia ad imparare
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błazeństwa, wygłupy, wybryki funny, silly, or outrageous behavior — often playful, exaggerated, or attention-seeking; can also imply annoyance or disruption depending on tone and context Wygłupy szczeniaka rozbawiały całą rodzinę. | 2. Miała dość jego pijackich wybryków na każdej imprezie. | 3. Wybryki polityka przyciągały uwagę mediów, ale nie budziły szacunku.
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noun [U ] C2 • synonyms: poise, composure, elegance • handle/speak/perform with aplomb; aplomb and grace/dignity/wit; cloak/armor of aplomb; aplomb under fire • freq in AmE: 3/10 She answered the tough questions with remarkable aplomb. | 2. The actor performed the role with aplomb and charisma. inizia ad imparare
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opanowanie, pewność siebie, zimna krew confident composure or self-assurance, especially in difficult or demanding situations; poise under pressure Odpowiedziała na trudne pytania z niezwykłym opanowaniem. | 2. Aktor odegrał swoją rolę z wprawą i charyzmą.
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noun [C or U ] C2 (formal, legal) • synonyms: arrest, capture, detention, seizure • apprehension of suspect/fugitive; warrant for apprehension; assist in apprehension • freq in AmE (this sense): 3/10 The police announced the apprehension of the suspect late last night. | 2. Border agents assisted in the apprehension of two fugitives. inizia ad imparare
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aresztowanie, zatrzymanie (przez organy ścigania) the act of arresting or capturing someone, especially by law enforcement authorities Policja poinformowała o aresztowaniu podejrzanego w nocy. | 2. Straż graniczna pomogła w zatrzymaniu dwóch zbiegów.
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noun [C or U ] C2 • synonyms: anxiety, unease, dread, worry, nervousness • apprehension about change/future; feel/express/overcome apprehension; quiet/deep apprehension • freq in AmE: 6/10 Despite their mutual apprehension, they proceeded with the plan. | 2. His apprehension about the surgery was understandable. inizia ad imparare
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lęk, obawa, niepokój (przed czymś) (WORRY) a feeling of anxiety, fear, or unease about something that may happen — often involving uncertainty or anticipation of danger or difficulty Pomimo wzajemnych obaw, zdecydowali się działać. | 2. Jego obawa przed operacją była zrozumiała.
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noun [C ] C2 • synonyms: autocrat, dictator, despot • an authoritarian leader/ruler/mindset; rise of authoritarians; elect/resist/challenge an authoritarian; authoritarians vs. democrats/liberals; authoritarian as label/archetype • freq in AmE: 4/10 The country fell under the rule of a ruthless authoritarian. inizia ad imparare
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despota, autokrata, zwolennik rządów autorytarnych a person who favors or enforces strict obedience to authority, often at the expense of personal freedom; someone who supports or embodies centralized control and limited dissent Kraj dostał się pod rządy bezwzględnego autorytarnego władcy.
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noun [C usually singular ] C1 • synonyms: consequences, fallout, wake • in the aftermath of something • in the aftermath of war/disaster/crisis; face/survive aftermath • freq in AmE: 6/10 How does a country cope with the aftermath of war? | 2. In the aftermath of the hurricane, thousands were left homeless. | 3. She experienced severe anxiety in the aftermath of the accident. inizia ad imparare
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następstwo, skutek, pokłosie (np. wojny, klęski żywiołowej) the period following a significant event, especially one that is unpleasant or destructive; the consequences or effects that result from it Jak kraj radzi sobie ze skutkami wojny? | 2. Po huraganie tysiące ludzi zostało bez dachu nad głową. | 3. Doświadczała silnego lęku po wypadku.
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in the aftermath of something collocation with aftermath noun [C usually singular ] C1 • synonyms: following • in the aftermath of war/disaster/tragedy; grief/chaos/healing in the aftermath; emotional/political/economic aftermath; long-term aftermath • freq in AmE: 6/10 The role of the European Union must be strengthened in the aftermath of this crisis. | 2. The country faced deep division in the aftermath of the election. | 3. She struggled with anxiety in the aftermath of the assault. inizia ad imparare
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w następstwie czegoś, po czymś, w wyniku czegoś used to describe the period following a major event, especially one that is traumatic, destructive, or transformative; emphasizes the lingering effects or consequences W następstwie tego kryzysu należy wzmocnić rolę Unii Europejskiej. | 2. Kraj zmagał się z podziałami po wyborach. | 3. Zmagała się z lękiem po napaści.
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noun [S ] C2 • synonyms: former school, university • return to/support alma mater; proud of/grateful to alma mater; alma mater of leaders/innovators; alma mater and tradition/anthem/legacy • freq in AmE: 6/10 Harvard is the alma mater of many U.S. presidents. inizia ad imparare
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uczelnia, którą ktoś ukończył, macierzysta uczelnia the school, college, or university someone once attended or graduated from; sometimes also used to refer to a school’s anthem or hymn Harvard to macierzysta uczelnia wielu prezydentów USA.
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noun [C ] C1 • synonyms: prototype, symbol, embodiment • classic/universal/psychological archetype; archetype of rebellion/hero/mentor; embody/challenge archetype; freq in AmE: 5/10 She embodies the archetype of the wise mentor. inizia ad imparare
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archetyp, pierwowzór, wzorzec kulturowy a typical or original model of a person, concept, or pattern that is universally recognized and repeated across cultures or stories Uosabia archetyp mądrego mentora.
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noun [U ] C2 US (also mainly UK anaesthesia) • synonyms: sedation, numbness • general/local anesthesia; under/during anesthesia; anesthesia is administered/monitored; risks/effects of anesthesia The patient was under general anesthesia during the operation. | 2. Local anesthesia was used to numb the area before stitching. inizia ad imparare
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a state of controlled, temporary loss of sensation or awareness, induced for medical purposes — especially to prevent pain during surgery or procedures Pacjent był pod znieczuleniem ogólnym podczas operacji. | 2. Zastosowano znieczulenie miejscowe przed szyciem rany.
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