→ 05 IFR Procedures → Avvia Impara / Scarica schede MP3

Domanda		Risposta
What is an Instrument Flight Rules (IFR) flight? inizia ad imparare		A flight conducted in accordance with the Instrument Flight Rules.
What is an instrument approach procedure (IAP)? inizia ad imparare		A published series of predetermined manoeuvres providing obstacle protection from the initial approach to landing or missed approach.
What are the main segments of an instrument approach? inizia ad imparare		Initial, intermediate, final and missed approach.
What is an IAF? inizia ad imparare		Initial Approach Fix: the fix where the initial approach segment begins.
What is an IF? inizia ad imparare		Intermediate Fix: the fix associated with the start of the intermediate approach segment.
What is a FAF? inizia ad imparare		Final Approach Fix: the fix from which the final approach segment of many 2D procedures begins.
What is a FAP? inizia ad imparare		Final Approach Point: the point where the nominal vertical path of a 3D approach is intercepted.
What is a MAPt? inizia ad imparare		Missed Approach Point: the point at or before which the prescribed missed approach is initiated when required.
Are FAF and MAPt necessarily at the same location? inizia ad imparare		No. They define different points within the approach procedure.
What is the purpose of the initial approach segment? inizia ad imparare		To position the aircraft for the intermediate segment with required obstacle clearance.
What is the purpose of the intermediate approach segment? inizia ad imparare		To align and configure the aircraft for the final approach.
What is the purpose of the final approach segment? inizia ad imparare		To provide the path from the FAF/FAP toward landing or the MAPt.
What is the purpose of the missed approach procedure? inizia ad imparare		To provide obstacle-protected transition from the approach to a safe altitude or holding point.
What is a straight-in approach? inizia ad imparare		An instrument approach followed by landing on a runway aligned with the final approach course.
What is a circling approach? inizia ad imparare		An instrument approach followed by visual manoeuvring to a runway not suitable for straight-in landing.
What is a SID? inizia ad imparare		A published IFR departure route linking a runway or aerodrome to the en-route structure.
What is a STAR? inizia ad imparare		A published IFR arrival route linking the en-route structure with an approach procedure.
Why are SID and STAR restrictions operationally important? inizia ad imparare		They provide traffic sequencing, terrain clearance and predictable flight paths.
Does ATC clearance automatically cancel published SID/STAR restrictions? inizia ad imparare		No. Restrictions remain unless explicitly cancelled, replaced or otherwise specified.
What is an altitude constraint? inizia ad imparare		A published or cleared altitude that must be met at a specified point.
What does “at or above” mean on an altitude constraint? inizia ad imparare		The aircraft must cross the fix at no lower than the stated altitude.
What does “at or below” mean? inizia ad imparare		The aircraft must cross the fix at no higher than the stated altitude.
What does an altitude window mean? inizia ad imparare		The aircraft must cross between the published upper and lower limits.
What is MSA? inizia ad imparare		Minimum Sector Altitude: an emergency-use altitude providing at least 1,000 ft obstacle clearance in a defined area.
What radius is normally associated with an MSA? inizia ad imparare		25 NM from the specified navigation reference, unless otherwise stated.
Does MSA necessarily guarantee navigation signal coverage? inizia ad imparare		No. Its primary purpose is obstacle clearance.
What is TAA? inizia ad imparare		Terminal Arrival Altitude: an obstacle-clearance altitude facilitating direct arrival to an RNAV approach.
What is MEA? inizia ad imparare		Minimum En-route Altitude: the lowest published en-route altitude providing required obstacle clearance and navigation coverage.
What is OCA? inizia ad imparare		Obstacle Clearance Altitude: the lowest altitude used in establishing compliance with obstacle-clearance criteria.
What is OCH? inizia ad imparare		Obstacle Clearance Height: OCA expressed as a height above the relevant reference datum.
Is OCA/H itself necessarily the operational minimum used by the crew? inizia ad imparare		No. Operational DA/H or MDA/H cannot normally be lower than the applicable OCA/H.
What is DA? inizia ad imparare		Decision Altitude: an altitude at which a missed approach must be initiated if required visual reference is not established.
What is DH? inizia ad imparare		Decision Height: the corresponding height above the specified reference datum.
What is MDA? inizia ad imparare		Minimum Descent Altitude: an altitude below which descent is not permitted without required visual reference.
What is MDH? inizia ad imparare		Minimum Descent Height: MDA expressed as a height above the specified datum.
What is the key operational difference between DA and MDA? inizia ad imparare		DA is a decision point passed dynamically; MDA is traditionally an altitude not to be descended below.
Under current EASA methodology, what minima are used for a 3D approach? inizia ad imparare		DA/H.
Under current EASA methodology, what minima are used for a 2D approach flown using CDFA? inizia ad imparare		DA/H derived from the applicable procedure minima.
What minima are used for a 2D approach not flown using CDFA? inizia ad imparare		MDA/H.
What is a 2D instrument approach operation? inizia ad imparare		An approach using lateral navigation guidance only.
What is a 3D instrument approach operation? inizia ad imparare		An approach using both lateral and vertical navigation guidance.
What is a Type A instrument approach operation? inizia ad imparare		An instrument approach with DH or MDH at or above 250 ft.
What is a Type B instrument approach operation? inizia ad imparare		An instrument approach with DH below 250 ft.
How is Type B subdivided under current EASA terminology? inizia ad imparare		CAT I, CAT II and CAT III.
What defines CAT I in the EASA classification? inizia ad imparare		DH ≥200 ft and either VIS ≥800 m or RVR ≥550 m.
What defines CAT II in the EASA classification? inizia ad imparare		100 ft ≤ DH <200 ft and RVR ≥300 m.
What defines CAT III in the current EASA classification? inizia ad imparare		DH <100 ft or no DH, with RVR <300 m or no RVR limitation.
Does current EASA operational classification still divide CAT III into IIIA, IIIB and IIIC? inizia ad imparare		No. Current EASA uses CAT III as one category.
What is CDFA? inizia ad imparare		Continuous Descent Final Approach: a continuous descent technique for flying the final segment of a 2D/NPA procedure.
What is the principal objective of CDFA? inizia ad imparare		To avoid level flight near minima and provide a stable, constant descent path.
Why is CDFA safer than the traditional dive-and-drive technique? inizia ad imparare		It reduces level-offs, configuration changes and CFIT risk close to the ground.
Under EASA CAT operations, should NPA procedures normally be flown using CDFA? inizia ad imparare		Yes, unless another technique has been specifically approved.
From where is CDFA normally initiated? inizia ad imparare		At or above the FAF altitude/height on the nominal final descent profile.
For a straight-in CDFA, where does the continuous descent concept extend to? inizia ad imparare		Approximately 50 ft above the threshold or the start of the flare.
Does CDFA change the obstacle-protected design of the published procedure? inizia ad imparare		No. It is a flight technique applied to the published procedure.
What is a step-down fix? inizia ad imparare		A fix permitting descent to a lower minimum altitude after it has been positively identified.
Can a step-down altitude be ignored because the FMS shows a smooth vertical path? inizia ad imparare		No. Published altitude restrictions remain controlling.
What is a stabilised approach? inizia ad imparare		An approach meeting the operator’s defined criteria for path, speed, configuration, thrust and rate of descent.
Are exact stabilised-approach criteria universal? inizia ad imparare		No. The operator defines them in the Operations Manual.
What does EASA require generally regarding approach technique? inizia ad imparare		Approach operations should be flown as stabilised approaches unless specifically approved otherwise.
Why should a high expected rate of descent be briefed? inizia ad imparare		It increases workload and may threaten stabilised-approach criteria.
What rate of descent does EASA specifically highlight for prior briefing? inizia ad imparare		More than 1,000 ft/min.
What is the approximate vertical gradient of a 3° glide path? inizia ad imparare		About 5.2%.
How many feet per NM does a 3° path represent? inizia ad imparare		Approximately 318 ft/NM; 300 ft/NM is a useful mental approximation.
What is the quick rule for vertical speed on a 3° path? inizia ad imparare		Groundspeed × 5 gives an approximate rate of descent in ft/min.
At 120 kt GS, what is approximately required for a 3° path? inizia ad imparare		About 600 ft/min.
At 150 kt GS, what is approximately required for a 3° path? inizia ad imparare		About 750 ft/min.
At 180 kt GS, what is approximately required for a 3° path? inizia ad imparare		About 900 ft/min.
What happens to required vertical speed if groundspeed increases? inizia ad imparare		It increases proportionally for the same flight-path angle.
Why can a strong tailwind make an approach difficult to regain vertically? inizia ad imparare		High groundspeed gives less time per NM to lose altitude.
What is the 3:1 descent-planning rule? inizia ad imparare		About 3 NM are required for every 1,000 ft of descent on roughly a 3° path.
Approximately how far is required to lose 3,000 ft on a 3° path? inizia ad imparare		About 9–10 NM.
What is the difference between descent angle and descent gradient? inizia ad imparare		Angle is measured in degrees; gradient is vertical distance divided by horizontal distance.
What is a 5.2% gradient approximately in degrees? inizia ad imparare		About 3°.
What is the standard ICAO missed-approach design climb gradient? inizia ad imparare		2.5%, unless a higher gradient is published.
If a higher missed-approach gradient is required, where should it be found? inizia ad imparare		On the published instrument approach chart.
What should a crew confirm when higher missed-approach gradients are published? inizia ad imparare		That aircraft performance can meet the required gradient under expected conditions.
When does obstacle protection for the published missed approach assume the turn begins? inizia ad imparare		Not before the published turning point or applicable procedure point.
Why can an early turn during a missed approach be hazardous? inizia ad imparare		It may take the aircraft outside the protected obstacle-clearance area.
When should the missed approach be flown? inizia ad imparare		Whenever required visual reference is not obtained, the approach becomes unstable, or continuation is unsafe.
If visual reference is lost after descending below minima, what is required? inizia ad imparare		A prompt go-around.
Does initiating a go-around mean immediately turning toward the next missed-approach fix? inizia ad imparare		Not necessarily; first follow the published missed-approach track and turn constraints.
Why must the missed approach be briefed before commencing the approach? inizia ad imparare		It is a high-workload manoeuvre that may be required with little warning.
What is an approach ban? inizia ad imparare		A restriction on continuing an approach when reported visibility or controlling RVR is below the applicable minimum.
Under EASA CAT rules, does reported RVR/VIS below minima itself prohibit beginning the approach? inizia ad imparare		No. The regulatory restriction concerns continuation beyond the specified point.
If controlling RVR/VIS is below minima, below what point may an EASA CAT approach not normally continue? inizia ad imparare		Past 1,000 ft above aerodrome elevation.
What applies when DH or MDH is above 1,000 ft above aerodrome elevation? inizia ad imparare		The approach may not continue into the final approach segment when RVR/VIS is below minima.
What if RVR/VIS deteriorates below minima after passing the approach-ban point? inizia ad imparare		The approach may continue to DA/H or MDA/H, subject to the applicable rules.
What is normally the controlling RVR for an aeroplane approach? inizia ad imparare		Touchdown-zone RVR.
If touchdown-zone RVR is not reported, what may become controlling under EASA AMC? inizia ad imparare		Midpoint RVR.
What must exist at DA/H to continue below it when visual reference is required? inizia ad imparare		The required visual reference for the intended operation and runway.
Must required visual reference merely appear momentarily at minima? inizia ad imparare		No. It must be established and maintained for continued landing.
What is the basic decision at DA/H? inizia ad imparare		If required visual reference is not established, execute the missed approach.
Can the aircraft physically descend slightly below DA during a go-around initiated at DA? inizia ad imparare		Yes. DA is a decision point; aircraft inertia means some altitude loss may occur during transition.
Why is an MDA concept different from DA? inizia ad imparare		MDA is a hard altitude floor in non-CDFA operation and must not be descended below without visual reference.
What is circling? inizia ad imparare		A visual manoeuvre after an instrument approach to position for landing on a different or insufficiently aligned runway.
Is circling an instrument or visual manoeuvre? inizia ad imparare		The circling phase is visual, although it follows an instrument approach.
What must be maintained during circling? inizia ad imparare		Required visual reference with the runway environment while remaining within the protected area.
What should be done if visual reference is lost during circling? inizia ad imparare		Execute the prescribed circling missed-approach procedure.
Why are circling minima normally higher than straight-in minima? inizia ad imparare		Additional obstacle clearance is required during visual manoeuvring around the aerodrome.
What determines the applicable circling aircraft category? inizia ad imparare		Aircraft approach speed category and the speed actually required for the manoeuvre.
What is category A by VAT? inizia ad imparare		Less than 91 kt.
What is category B by VAT? inizia ad imparare		91–120 kt.
What is category C by VAT? inizia ad imparare		121–140 kt.
What is category D by VAT? inizia ad imparare		141–165 kt.
What is category E by VAT? inizia ad imparare		166–210 kt.
If circling speed exceeds the limit of the normal aircraft category, what should be considered? inizia ad imparare		Use of the minima/protection for the appropriate higher category.
Why does circling speed affect protected-area size? inizia ad imparare		Higher speed produces a larger turn radius.
What is a holding pattern? inizia ad imparare		A predetermined manoeuvre keeping an aircraft within specified airspace while awaiting further clearance.
What are the two basic legs of a conventional hold? inizia ad imparare		Inbound and outbound legs connected by 180° turns.
What is a standard holding pattern? inizia ad imparare		A hold with right turns unless otherwise published or instructed.
What is a non-standard holding pattern? inizia ad imparare		A hold with left turns.
What are the three conventional holding entries? inizia ad imparare		Direct, parallel and offset/teardrop.
Are holding-entry sectors absolute manoeuvring requirements? inizia ad imparare		They are recommended entry methods; safe containment and operator procedures remain controlling.
What is the purpose of wind correction in a hold? inizia ad imparare		To maintain the protected holding pattern and correct inbound track.
On which leg is holding timing primarily adjusted? inizia ad imparare		The outbound leg, to achieve the required inbound timing.
What is the usual inbound holding time at or below FL140? inizia ad imparare		1 minute unless otherwise published.
What is the usual inbound holding time above FL140? inizia ad imparare		1.5 minutes unless otherwise published.
If a hold is defined by DME distances, what controls the outbound limit? inizia ad imparare		The published DME distance rather than timing.
What must always take priority over generic holding-speed memory values? inizia ad imparare		The speed published on the chart, ATC restriction and applicable aircraft/operator limits.
Why is holding at high TAS operationally important? inizia ad imparare		Higher TAS increases turn radius and the airspace required.
What happens to turn radius in a hold as TAS increases? inizia ad imparare		It increases.
Why may bank or turn-rate limits matter in holding? inizia ad imparare		They determine whether the aircraft remains within expected protected geometry.
What is the protected side of a hold? inizia ad imparare		The side containing the holding pattern and the main obstacle-protected area.
Why should an aircraft avoid unnecessary excursions onto the non-holding side? inizia ad imparare		Obstacle-protection margins are smaller there.
What is procedure turn or course reversal designed to achieve? inizia ad imparare		To reverse direction and establish the aircraft inbound on the final/intermediate approach course.
Can every published approach use any course-reversal technique? inizia ad imparare		No. The chart and procedure coding define the authorised manoeuvre.
What is a racetrack procedure? inizia ad imparare		A course-reversal procedure resembling a holding pattern used to establish the aircraft inbound.
What is a base turn procedure? inizia ad imparare		A specified outbound track followed by a turn to intercept the inbound track.
What does “NoPT” or equivalent procedure indication mean conceptually? inizia ad imparare		A procedure turn or course reversal is not required from that arrival route.
Why should pilots not improvise course reversals? inizia ad imparare		Obstacle protection assumes the published procedure geometry.
What is an ATC radar vector to final intended to achieve? inizia ad imparare		Position the aircraft to intercept the final approach course safely.
Does an ATC vector remove the crew’s responsibility for altitude awareness? inizia ad imparare		No.
Why should minimum cleared altitude and terrain be continuously monitored under vectors? inizia ad imparare		Vectoring does not remove CFIT risk.
What is the purpose of an approach briefing? inizia ad imparare		To build a shared mental model of the approach, threats, minima and missed approach.
What are essential elements of an approach briefing? inizia ad imparare		Procedure, runway, minima, navigation setup, key constraints, threats and missed approach.
Why should the missed approach altitude be checked carefully? inizia ad imparare		A wrongly set altitude can create an immediate vertical-path or ATC conflict during go-around.
Why should approach minima be independently cross-checked? inizia ad imparare		Minima errors can directly compromise terrain clearance and landing legality.
Why should final approach course and runway heading be compared? inizia ad imparare		A significant difference may indicate an offset approach or wrong procedure/runway selection.
Why should approach navigation sources be identified before final approach? inizia ad imparare		Correct source selection and monitoring are essential for valid guidance.
What is the operational significance of a published minimum temperature on an LNAV/VNAV approach? inizia ad imparare		Baro-VNAV vertical guidance may not be authorised below it without approved compensation.
Can an advisory FMS vertical path convert an LNAV approach into a 3D approach? inizia ad imparare		No. The published approach type and approved guidance determine the operation.
Does a synthetic or advisory glide path change published LNAV minima? inizia ad imparare		No.
Why must published altitude constraints still be respected when using VNAV? inizia ad imparare		VNAV guidance does not supersede procedure obstacle-clearance restrictions.
What is the main threat of descending early below a published segment altitude? inizia ad imparare		Loss of guaranteed obstacle clearance.
What is the main threat of remaining high until very late in the approach? inizia ad imparare		An unstable approach requiring excessive descent rate or configuration changes.
What is the preferred response to an approach that cannot be stabilised? inizia ad imparare		Go around rather than attempt to salvage it close to the ground.
What is the fundamental purpose of IFR procedural discipline? inizia ad imparare		To keep the aircraft inside the obstacle-protected and traffic-managed flight path.

05 IFR Procedures

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